biology Slide 1 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice

biology Slide 1 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Slide 2 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate What Is Climate? Weather is the day-to-day condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place. Climate refers to the average year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. Slide 3 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate What Is Climate? Climate is caused by: • trapping of heat by the atmosphere • latitude • transport of heat by winds and ocean currents • amount of precipitation • shape and elevation of landmasses Slide 4 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Greenhouse Effect How does the greenhouse effect maintain the biosphere's temperature range? Slide 5 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Greenhouse Effect Atmospheric gases that trap the heat energy of sunlight and maintain Earth's temperature range include: • carbon dioxide • methane • water vapor Slide 6 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by this layer of gases is called the greenhouse effect. The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s Surface Slide 7 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate Solar radiation strikes different parts of Earth’s surface at an angle that varies throughout the year. At the equator, energy from the sun strikes Earth almost directly. At the North and South Poles, the sun’s rays strike Earth’s surface at a lower angle. Slide 8 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate What are Earth's three main climate zones? Slide 9 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate As a result of differences in latitude and thus the angle of heating, Earth has three main climate zones: • polar, • temperate, and • tropical Slide 10 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate Earth’s Main Climate Zones Sunlight 90°N North Pole Arctic Circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66. 5°N Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Polar Temperate 23. 5°N 0° Tropical 23. 5°S Sunlight Temperate Antarctic Circle Sunlight 66. 5°S 90°S South Pole Polar Slide 11 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate The polar zones are cold areas where the sun's rays strike Earth at a very low angle. Polar zones are located in the areas around the North and South poles, between 66. 5° and 90° North and South latitudes. Slide 12 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate The temperate zones sit between the polar zones and the tropics. Temperate zones are more affected by the changing angle of the sun over the course of a year. As a result, the climate in these zones ranges from hot to cold, depending on the season. Slide 13 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Effect of Latitude on Climate The tropical zone, or tropics, is near the equator, between 23. 5° North and 23. 5° South latitudes. The tropics receive direct or nearly direct sunlight year-round, making the climate almost always warm. Slide 14 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Heat Transport in the Biosphere Unequal heating of Earth’s surface drives winds and ocean currents, which transport heat throughout the biosphere. Slide 15 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Earth’s Winds 66. 5°N WINDS Polar Easterlies Westerlies Northeast Trade Winds 23. 5°N 0° Heat Transport in the Biosphere Equator Southeast Trade Winds Westerlies 23. 5°S 66. 5°S Polar Easterlies Prevailing winds Slide 16 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Heat Transport in the Biosphere Similar patterns of heating and cooling occur in Earth’s oceans. Cold water near the poles sinks, then flows parallel to the ocean bottom, and rises in warmer regions. Water is also moved at the surface by winds. Slide 17 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Heat Transport in the Biosphere The movement of the water creates ocean currents, which transport heat energy throughout the biosphere. Surface ocean currents warm or cool the air above them, affecting the weather and climate of nearby landmasses. Slide 18 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ocean Currents Heat Transport in the Biosphere OCEAN CURRENTS 66. 5°N 23. 5°N 0° Equator 23. 5°S 23. 5 Warm currents Cold currents 66. 5°S Slide 19 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate 4 -2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 20 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. • Biotic – biological factors Slide 21 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Biotic and Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: • temperature • precipitation • humidity • wind • nutrient availability • soil type Slide 22 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Biotic and Abiotic Factors How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? Slide 23 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Biotic and Abiotic Factors The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors. Slide 24 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate The Niche A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat Slide 25 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions What interactions occur within communities? Slide 26 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space. Slide 27 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions Direct competition in nature often results in a winner and a loser—with the losing organism failing to survive. The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. Slide 28 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Feeding height (m) 18 12 6 Cape May Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Yellow-Rumped Warbler 0 Slide 29 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. Slide 30 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: • mutualism • commensalism • parasitism Slide 31 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Slide 32 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession What is ecological succession? Slide 33 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, change occurs as a more gradual response to natural fluctuations in the environment. Slide 34 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species. Slide 35 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. Slide 36 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession The first organisms to appear are lichens. Slide 37 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil. Slide 38 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community. Slide 39 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Ecological Succession Secondary Succession Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. Slide 40 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate 5 -1 How Populations Grow Slide 41 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Characteristics of Populations What characteristics are used to describe a population? Slide 42 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Characteristics of Populations Three important characteristics of a population are its: • geographic distribution • population density • growth rate Slide 43 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Population Growth What factors affect population size? Slide 44 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Population Growth Three factors can affect population size: • the number of births • the number of deaths • the number of individuals that enter or leave the population A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate. Slide 45 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Population Growth Immigration, the movement of individuals into an area, is another factor that can cause a population to grow. Emigration, the movement of individuals out of an area, can cause a population to decrease in size. Slide 46 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Exponential Growth What are exponential growth and logistic growth? Slide 47 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Exponential Growth Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. Exponential growth occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. The population becomes larger and larger until it approaches an infinitely large size. Slide 48 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Exponential Growth Slide 49 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Logistic Growth As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops. Logistic growth occurs when a population's growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth. Slide 50 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Logistic Growth Logistic growth is characterized by an S-shaped curve. Slide 51 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Limiting Factors What factors limit population growth? Slide 52 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show

4 -1 The Role of Climate Density-Dependent Factors Wolf and Moose Populations on Isle Royale Moose Wolves Density-Dependent Activity Slide 53 of 26 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show