Biology Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 54
Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon • Berg • Martin Chapter 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Biome • A large, relatively distinct terrestrial region with characteristic –Climate –Soil –Plants –Animals –Interacting landscapes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Using precipitation and temperature to identify biomes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Tundra • Northernmost biome –Frozen layer of subsoil (permafrost) –Low-growing vegetation adapted to extreme cold/short growing season • Taiga • Coniferous trees dominate the taiga, or boreal forest –Cold winters, short growing season, and acidic, mineral-poor soil Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Arctic tundra Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Taiga Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Temperate rain forest • Large conifers • High precipitation • Temperate deciduous forest • Precipitation relatively high • Soils rich in organic matter • Broad-leaf trees that lose their leaves seasonally dominate Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Temperate rain forest Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Temperate deciduous forest Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Temperate grassland • Deep, mineral-rich soil • Moderate but uncertain precipitation • Well suited to growing grain crops • Chaparral • Thickets of small-leaf evergreens • Climate of wet, mild winters and dry summers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Temperate grassland Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Chaparral Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Significance of precipitation in temperate biomes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Desert • Cold deserts in temperate climates • Warm deserts in subtropical or tropical regions • Low levels of precipitation • Organisms with specialized waterconserving adaptations Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Savanna Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Savanna • Tropical grassland • Widely scattered trees interspersed with grassy areas • Occurs in topical areas with low or seasonal rainfall Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Tropical rain forest • Mineral-poor soil • High rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year • High species richness and high productivity Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Tropical rain forest Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life The world’s major biomes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Human effect on biomes • Tundra –Oil exploration and military exercises result in long-lasting damage • Taiga and temperate rain forests –Clearcut logging destructive • Temperate and deciduous forests and tropical rain forests –Removed by logging and development Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Aquatic ecosystems • Important environmental factors –Salinity –Amount of dissolved oxygen –Availability of light for photosynthesis Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Aquatic life divided into • Plankton –Free-floating organisms • Nekton –Strongly swimming organisms • Benthos –Bottom-dwelling organisms Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Freshwater ecosystems include • Flowing-water ecosystems –Streams and rivers • Standing-water ecosystems –Ponds and lakes • Freshwater wetlands Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Features of a typical river Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Freshwater ecosystems include • Streams and rivers • Ponds and lakes • Freshwater wetlands • Estuaries • Coastal body of water with access to both the ocean and fresh water from rivers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Zonation in a large lake Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Thermal stratification in a temperate lake Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Freshwater swamp Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Mangroves Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Marine environments • Intertidal zone –Shoreline between low and high tides • Benthic environment –The ocean floor • Neritic province –Open ocean from shoreline to depth of 200 m • Oceanic province –Ocean deeper than 200 m Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Zonation in the ocean Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Seaweeds in a rocky intertidal zone Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Seagrass bed Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Coral reef organisms Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Ecotone • Transition zone where two communities meet and intergrade • Provide habitat diversity • Often inhabited by a greater variety and density of organisms than either adjacent community Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life • Biogeography • Study of the geographic distribution of plants and animals • Each species originated from its center of origin • Alfred Wallace divided the Earth’s land areas into six major biogeographic realms Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 54 Ecology and the Geography of Life Wallace’s biogeographic realms Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
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