Biology Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 47
Biology, Seventh Edition Solomon • Berg • Martin Chapter 47 Endocrine Regulation Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • The endocrine system • Endocrine glands, cells, and tissues that secrete hormones –Hormones are an important type of chemical signal by which cells communicate –Secreted into the interstitial fluid and typically transported by the blood –Bind with receptors or in specific target cells Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Some types of endocrine signaling Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Four main chemical groups • Fatty acid derivatives –Prostaglandins and the juvenile hormone of insects • Steroids –Secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovary, and testis, as well as the molting hormone of insects Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Four main chemical groups, cont. • Amino acid derivatives –Thyroid hormones and epinephrine • Peptides or proteins –ADH and glucagon are peptide hormones –Insulin is a small protein Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Major chemical groups of hormones Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Hormone secretion • Typically regulated by negative feedback mechanisms –Hormone is released in response to some change in a steady state –Triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition –This process restores homeostasis Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation by negative feedback Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Steroid and thyroid hormones • Hydrophic molecules –Pass through the plasma membrane –Combine with receptors within the target cell –The hormone-receptor complex may activate or repress transcription of messenger RNA coding for specific proteins Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Mechanism of action of steroid hormones Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Peptide hormones are hydrophillic and do not enter target cells • Combine with receptors on the plasma membrane of target cells • Many hormones bind to G proteinlinked receptors –Act via signal transduction Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Overview of peptide hormone action Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Mechanism of action of hormones that use G protein-linked receptors and second messengers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Most peptide hormones are first messengers • Carry out their actions by way of second messengers –Cyclic AMP (c. AMP) –Calcium ions Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Phospholipid products as second messengers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Inositol trisphosphat (IP 3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) • Second messengers that –Increase calcium concentration –Activate enzymes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Receptor tyrosine kinases • Enzyme-lined receptors • Bind growth factors, including insulin and nerve growth factors Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Signal amplification • Occurs as each hormone-receptor complex stimulates the production of second messenger molecules • Second messengers activate protein kinase molecules that activate protein molecules Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Four functions of hormones in invertebrates • Neurohormones secreted by neurons rather than endocrine glands Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Four functions of hormones in invertebrates, cont. • Help regulate – Metabolism – Growth and development – Regeneration – Molting – Metamorphosis – Reproduction and behavior Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation of growth and molting in insects Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Human endocrine glands Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Some endocrine glands and their hormones Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Consequences of endocrine malfunction Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Nervous and endocrine regulation • Integrated in the hypothalamus, which regulates the pituitary gland Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Oxytocin and ADH • Produced by the hypothalamus • Released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Hypothalamus • Secretes –Releasing hormones –Inhibiting hormones • These regulate the hormone output of the anterior lobe of the pituitary Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Anterior lobe of the pituitary • Secretes the growth hormone, prolactin • Several tropic hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation The hypothalamus regulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Growth hormone (GH) • Anabolic hormone that stimulates body growth • Stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which promote skeletal and tissue growth Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Thyroid gland • Secretes –Thyroxine –Triiodothyronine • Stimulate the rate of metabolism Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Regulation of thyroid secretion • Depends mainly on a negative feedback system –Anterior pituitary gland –Thyroid gland Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Thyroid hyposecretion • Childhood cretinism • Adult myxedema • Thyroid hypersecretion • Most common cause is Grave’s disease • Goiter associated with both hyposecretion and hypersecretion Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation of thyroid secretion by negative feedback Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Parathyroid glands • Secrete PTH –Regulates calcium level in the blood –Stimulates calcium release from bones • Calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid, acts antagonistically to PTH Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation of calcium homeostasis by PTH and calcitonin Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Islets of Langerhans • Secrete insulin –Stimulates cells to take up glucose and so lowers blood glucose • Secrete glucagon –Raises blood glucose concentration • Diabetes mellitus –Results in decreased use of glucose Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Islets of Langerhans Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation • Adrenal glands • Secrete hormones that help the body cope with stress • Adrenal medulla secretes –Epinephrine –Norepinephrine • Adrenal cortex secretes –Sex hormones Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Adrenal gland Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 47 Endocrine Regulation Response to stress Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
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