Biology Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 37

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions • Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart • Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Main types of animal tissue • Epithelial • Connective • Muscle • Nervous • Classification depends on structure and origin Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer or sheet covering a body surface or lining a body cavity • Protection • Absorption • Secretion • Sensation Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Connective tissue consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix • Collagen fibers • Elastic fibers • Reticular fibers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Connective tissue contains specialized cells • Fibroblasts • Macrophages • Functions of connective tissue • Joins other tissues • Supports the body and its organs • Protects underlying organs Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Muscle tissue consists of cells specialized to contract • Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Nervous tissue • Elongated cells called neurons –Specialized for transmitting impulses • Glial cells –Support and nourish neurons Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Types of epithelial cell shapes • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar • Type of epithelial tissue • Simple • Stratified • Pseudostratified Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Simple squamous epithelium • Lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs • Exchange of materials by diffusion Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition Simple squamous epithelium Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium • Lines passageways • Specialized for secretion and absorption Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition Simple cuboidal epithelium Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER

Biology, Seventh Edition Simple columnar epithelium Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Stratified squamous epithelium • Outer layer of skin • Lines passageways into the body • Provides protection • Pseudostratified epithelium • Lines passageways • Protects underlying tissue Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition Stratified squamous epithelium Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER

Biology, Seventh Edition Pseudostratified epithelium Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER 37

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Glands are formed from epithelial tissue • Goblet cells – Unicellular glands that secret mucus – Exocrine glands secrete onto an epithelial surface • Endocrine glands – Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Glands Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole —

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Epithelial membrane • Sheet of epithelial tissue and a • Layer of underlying connective tissue • Mucous membrane • Lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body • Serous membrane • Lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Types of connective tissue • Loose connective tissue • Dense connective tissue • Elastic connective tissue • Adipose tissue • Cartilage • Bone • Blood Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Loose connective tissue • In the subcutaneous tissue • Between many body parts • Fibers in a semifluid matrix • Cartilage cells (chondroctyes) • In lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Loose connective tissue Copyright © 2005

Biology, Seventh Edition Cartilage Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER 37 The

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Osteocytes • Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone • Compact bone consists of spindle -shaped units called osteons –Central blood vessel through a Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Bone Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole —

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Skeletal muscle • Striated • Under voluntary control • Each elongated, cylindrical muscle fiber has several nuclei Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Cardiac muscle • Striated • Contraction is involuntary • Elongated, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse • Each fiber has one or two nuclei Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Smooth muscle • Contracts involuntarily • Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers lack striation • Each fiber has a central nucleus • Responsible for movement of food through the digestive tract Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Muscle tissues Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Elongated neurons receive and transmit information • Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body • Axon transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland • Synapse is a junction between neurons Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition Nervous tissue Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning CHAPTER 37

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Organ systems • • •

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Homeostasis • Automatic tendency to maintain a balanced internal environment • Dynamic equilibrium maintained by negative feedback systems • Regulators respond to counteract changes caused by stressors Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body Homeostasis Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole —

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Thermoregulation • Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature • Physiological • Structural • Behavioral Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Ectotherms • Body temperature varies with the environment • Very little energy used • Less food needed • Activity may be limited by daily and seasonal temperatures Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Endotherms • Mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a narrow range • Increased enzyme activity • Activity even in low winter temperatures • High energy cost Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body • Acclimatization • Process of adjustment to seasonal changes • Torpor – Adaptive hypothermia • Hibernation – Long-term torpor in winter cold • Estivation – Torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning