Biology Seventh Edition Solomon Berg Martin Chapter 30

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Main branches of deuterostomes • Echinoderms • Hemichordates (marine deuterostomes with three-part body, including proboscis, collar, trunk) – Acorn worms • Chordates Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Characteristics of echinoderms • • • Spiny “skin” Water vascular system Tube feet Endoskeleton Larvae – Bilateral symmetry • Adults – Pentaradial symmetry Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Crinoidea • Oral surface is turned upward • Some crinoids are sessile • Class includes –Sea lilies –Feather stars Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Crinoidea: feather star Copyright

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Asteroidea • Central disk with five or more arms • Tube feet for location • Members are sea stars Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Ophiuroidea • Longer, more slender arms than members of Asteroidea • Arms are used for locomotion • No suckers on tube feet • Members are brittle stars Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Ophiuroidea: daisy brittle star

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Echinoidea • No arms • Solid shell • Covered with spines • Members are –Sea urchins –Sand dollars Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Echinoidea: sand dollar Copyright

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Holothuroidea • Mouth is surrounded by a circle of modified tube feet that serve as tentacles • Members are sea cucumbers Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Holothuroidea: sea cucumber Copyright

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Phylum Chordata • At some time in their life cycle, all chordates have –Notochord –Dorsal, tubular nerve chord –Pharyngeal slits –Postanal tail Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Generalized chordate body plan

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Subphyla of phylum

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Invertebrate chordates • Tunicates (subphylum Urochordata) –Are suspension-feeding marine animals with tunics –Larvae have typical chordate characteristics and are freeswimming Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Tunicates (subphylum Urochordata), cont. –Adults of most groups are sessile suspension feeders Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Tunicate body plan: lateral

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Tunicate body plan: internal

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Invertebrate chordates • Lancelets (subphylum Cephalochordata) –Small –Segmented –Fishlike –Exhibit chordate characteristics Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Cephalochordate body plan: lancelet

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Evolution of chordates • Tunicates were probably first to evolve • Subphyla Cephalochordata and Vertebrata considered sister taxa by some • Common ancestor probably resembled tunicate larva Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Evolutionary relationships of vertebrates

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Shared derived characters of vertebrates • Verytebral column • Cranium • Neural crest cells –Pronounced cephalization • Muscles attached to endoskeleton Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Major groups of jawless fishes • Ostracoderms (extinct) • Agnathans – Hagfishes (class Cephalaspidomorphi) – Lamprey (class Myxini) • or Craniates – Vertebrates – Hagfishes (systematist designation referring to invertebrate character of hagfishes) Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Three lampreys attached to

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Evolution of jawed fishes and amphibians • Class Chondrichthyes –Jaws –Two pairs of fins –Placoid scales Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Structure of a placoid

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Chondrichthyes, cont. • Sharks –Many species ovoviparous –Some species oviparous –Few species vivaparous • Rays • Skates –Oviparous Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Internal structure of a

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Bony fishes • Class Actinopterygii –Ray-finned fishes • Class Actinistia –Coelacanths • Class Dipnoi –Lungfishes Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Perch, a representative bony

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • During the Devonian, bony fishes gave rise to • Actinopterygii –Lungs modified as a swim bladder –Evolved into modern bony fishes • Sarcopterygii evolved into –Lungfishes –Coelacanths Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Sarcopterygii, cont. • Coelacanths and lungfishes apparently preadapted for life on land • Lungfish may have given rise to tetrapods • First successful tetrapods labyrinthodonts (ancestors of frogs and salamanders) Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Diver swimming with coelacanth

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes An artist’s conception of

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Amphibia • Use moist skin as well as lungs for gas exchange • Three-chambered heart • Systemic and pulmonary circulations • Most return to water to reproduce Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Amphibia, cont. • Salamanders • Frogs (tadpoles undergo metamorphosis) • Toads • Caecilians Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Modern reptiles: Chelonia mydas

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life • Amniotic egg: amnion forms fluidfilled sac around embryo • Body covering that retards water loss • Physiological mechanisms to conserve water Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Modern reptiles: Crocodilia niloticus

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Class Reptilia is paraphyletic • Dinosaurs • Turtles • Lizards • Snakes • Alligators • Birds sometimes included Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Modern reptiles: Basiliscus plumifrons

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Reptiles • Internal fertilization • Most secrete a protective shell around egg • Embryo develops protective membranes, including amnion, to retain moisture Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Reptiles, cont. • Dry skin with horny scales • Lungs with many changers • Three-chambered heart with some separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Paleontological discovery of feathered dinosaurs • Many biologists consider birds to be feathered dinosaurs; they classify as diapsids –Birds –Most reptiles Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Caudipteryx (headless) Copyright ©

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Reconstruction of Archaeopteryx Copyright

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Birds: adaptations for powered flight • Feathers • Wings • Light, hollow bones with air spaces • Four-chambered heart • Very efficient lungs Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Birds: adaptations for powered flight, cont. • High metabolic rate • Constant body temperature • Excrete solid metabolic wastes • Well-developed nervous system • Excellent vision and hearing Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Mammals • • Hair Mammary glands Differentiated teeth Three middle-ear bones Constant body temperature Highly-developed nervous system Muscular diaphragm Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Convergent evolution in placental

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Monotremes (subclass Holotheria) • Oviparous –Duck-billed platypus –Spiny anteater Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Marsupials (subclass Metatheria) • Young are born in an embryonic stage and complete their development in marsupium –Kangaroos –Opossums Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes Macropius giganteus soon after

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 30 The Animal Kingdom: The Deuterostomes • Placental mammals (subclass Eutheria) • Placenta permitting development within the uterus • Living placental mammals are classified into circa sixteen orders Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning