Biology Review Benchmark Test 1 Standards 2 A

Biology Review Benchmark Test #1 Standards 2 A, 2 B, 2 C • • • Macromolecules Basic Structure/Function of DNA and RNA Biochemical Reactions Cells (Organelles, Transportation, and Types) Viruses

Organic Molecule • All organic molecules contain what element? • Where is energy found? Circle below. • Circle the following organic molecules: H 2 O CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 CH 4 N 2 O Na. OH

Which Has MORE Stored Energy? A B OR OR A B

Macromolecules • Macromolecules _____ molecules Monomers make up Polymers 1 • 4 types: – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic Acids Many

Macromolecules Identify the 4 Types _____________________ • • • CHO (1: 2: 1) Main short-term energy source Gives plants support (cellulose) Medium caloric value Sugars, starches, pasta, bread Glucose, fructose, sucrose, etc. • • • ___________ • • CHO Long-term energy Barriers & insulation Phospholipids & steroids Saturated & Unsaturated High caloric value Fats, oils, wax CHONS Made of amino acids (20 total) Transportation, enzymes, support EVERY FUNCTION Medium caloric value Meat, fish, dairy, beans, nuts __________ • • • CHONP Made of nucleotides Genetic information & proteins DNA, RNA, ATP (ENERGY) Low caloric value Meat, fish, dairy, fruit, veggie, nuts

Macromolecules Match the monomer with its macromolecule: Fatty Acid & Glycerol Nucleic Acid Amino acids Lipid Monosaccharide Protein Nucleotides Carbohydrate

Type of Macromolecule?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid • (TRUE or FALSE) Determines ALL cell functions. • Location in the cell is the ___________ • Name of its shape is a ____________ • Which 4 Nitrogen bases are found in DNA? Adenine Thymine Uracil Guanine Cytosine

Ribonucleic Acid • (TRUE or FALSE) Instructions & functions to make proteins. • (TRUE or FALSE) Leaves nucleus. • SINGLE or DOUBLE stranded? • Which 4 Nitrogen bases are found in RNA? Adenine Thymine Uracil Guanine Cytosine

DNA and RNA Structure • Both are composed of ___________ • Label the DNA nucleotide: • Label the RNA nucleotide:

DNA Molecule Label the missing molecules, label the H bonds, show that DNA is antiparallel, circle one nucleotide, star purines and check pyrimidines, total nucleotides = _______

DNA, RNA, or Both? DNA Nucleic Acid Composed of Nucleotides Single Stranded Double Stranded Genetic Material Phosphate Pentose 5 C Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose A, G, C Uracil Thymine RNA

Chemical Reactions • (TRUE or FALSE) Bonds are broken and/or formed during reactions. Reactants Products Circle reactants and underline products: C 3 H 8 + 5 O 2 4 H 2 O + 3 CO 2 2 KCl. O 3 2 KCl + 3 O 2 Biochemical reactions live, grow, develop, reproduce, adapt

Law of Conservation of Mass of Reactants ____ Mass of Products • 16 g of reactants will form ______ g of products. • If 75 grams of sodium reacts with chlorine to form 125 grams of salt. How much chlorine reacted?

Energy • Activation energy – needed to start reaction • Forms of energy:

Absorbing or releasing energy? Lower activation energy? Which reaction will happen faster?

Speeding up Reaction • (TRUE or FALSE) Enzymes not used up & used again. Catalysts speed up reaction by DECREASING activation energy. Enzymes (proteins) are catalysts in living things.

Factors Affecting Enzymes 1. p. H 2. Temperature 3. Other substances

Denatured Enzymes (TRUE or FALSE) Denatured enzymes may result in substrate not reacting to form products. Active site changes shape

Cells • (TRUE or FALSE) Smallest unit of life. • Cell Theory: 1. Cells make up all living organisms 2. Cells are basic unit structure of life 3. New cells divide from old cells • What type of technology allows us to see cells in great detail?

Prokaryotes Specialized Organelles Need Energy Ribosomes and Cytoplasm Larger and complex Grow, Reproduce, & Respond Has Nucleus Cytoplasm Mostly Unicellular BACTERIA DNA Mostly Multicellular animals, plants, fungi No Nucleus Energy from sun or chemicals Single, circular chromosome Plasma (Cell) Membrane Smaller and Simple Fungus Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Cell Structures (Organelles) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Temporary storage ____ Cellular respiration ____ Photosynthesis ____ Protein synthesis ____ Enzymes that digest ____ Many, small hairs ____ Framework for cell ____ Cell division ____ Thin, flexible barrier ____ 10. Protein, lipid, carb. synthesis _____ A) cytoskeleton B) lysosome C) mitochondria D) cell membrane E) centriole F) chloroplast G) ER H) ribosome I) vacuole J) cilia

Cell Structures (Organelles) 11. Basic unit of life____ 12. Semi-fluid inside cell____ 13. Produces ribosomes____ 14. Control center____ 15. Modifies and sorts proteins____ 16. Describes cells____ 17. Contains a nucleus____ 18. Specialized structures ____ 19. No Nucleus _____ 20. Layer around membrane _____ K) nucleolus L) eukaryote M) prokaryote N) organelles O) nucleus P) cell wall Q) cell theory R) golgi S) cytoplasm T) cell

Cell Structure & Functions PLANTS ONLY 1. Cell Membrane or Plasma Membrane 2. Cytoplasm (made of cytoskeleton) 3. Nucleus 4. Nuclear membrane (or envelope) 5. Nuclear pores 6. Ribosomes 7. Nucleolus 8. Rough ER 9. Smooth ER 10. Golgi Apparatus (or body) 11. Lysosomes 12. Centrioles 13. Mitochondria 14. Cilia or Flagella 15. Vacuole (Central Vacuole) 16. Chloroplast 17. Cell Wall

Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Plant 1. Contain plasma membrane 2. Contain chloroplasts 3. Usually box shaped cells 4. Contain big central vacuole 5. Contain lysosomes 6. Contain centrioles 7. Contain small or no vacuole 8. Contain cell wall 9. Many different shaped cells 10. Contain mitochondria Animal

Bacteria and Fungal Cells Prokaryotic Cells or Eukaryotic Cells? Bacteria Cell Fungal Cells Prokaryotic Cells or Eukaryotic Cells? No chloroplast Cell Wall (chitin)

Protein Synthesis sequence ___ RIBOSOMES use RNA to make proteins ___ Rough ER transports proteins in vesicles ___ Ribosomes and RNA leave nucleus (via pores) ___ DNA is copied into RNA in the nucleus ___ Golgi modifies & packages proteins in vesicles

Protein Synthesis Rough endoplasmic Nucleus reticulum Ribosome Cell membrane Protein Cytoplasm Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Vesicle Golgi apparatus

Plasma Membrane • Plasma Membrane thin outside barrier that maintains HOMEOSTASIS. • Phospholipid Bilayer 2 layers Outside Membrane Waste O 2 Glucose Inside Water Waste CO 2 • Define “selectively permeable” -

Plasma Membrane Structure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Proteins ____ Carbohydrates ____ Cholesterol ____ Polar Heads ____ Nonpolar Tails ____ f) transmits signals in cell g) attract water h) transportation & structure i) repels water j) maintains fluidity

Passive vs. Active Transport Passive 1. Helps maintain homeostasis 2. Does not require energy 3. Against concentration gradient (L H) 4. Protein Pumps 5. Follows concentration gradient (H L) 6. Exocytosis 7. Needs ATP 8. Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis 9. Endocytosis 10. Requires energy Active

Passive Transport – Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, or Osmosis? A B C D H 2 O

Osmosis A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. B C Water flows out and cell shrivels? Water flows in and cell expands? No net movement of water? More solute inside cell? Same solute concentration in and out? More solute outside cell?

Active Transport – Protein Pumps, Endocytosis, or Exocytosis?

Viruses Cells Living Non-Living Particle Made of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids (sometimes) Contains DNA and/or RNA Carry out NORMAL cell functions Reproduces by itself Organelles, Cytoplasm, Ribosomes Obtain and use Energy Respond to environment INDEPENDENTLY grow and develop Viruses

Viruses • (TRUE or FALSE) Can reproduce independently. • (TRUE or FALSE) Smaller than the smallest cells. • (T or F) Cause many diseases & used for research. How Viruses Infect Cells