BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 7 PAGES 239 247

BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 7 PAGES 239 -247

Standard: 5. 10 Explain the basic process of transcription _____ and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes

Essential Question: 1. Why is the sequence of nucleotides on DNA molecules so important?

I. Genes DNA explains how The double helix shape of ______ DNA can be copied but not what a gene is. REMEMBER GENES?

DNA that controls the • Gene = coded pieced of _____ proteins within a cell production of ____ • What do proteins have to do with traits? v protein = a macromolecule needed for the organism survival of an _____ v proteins control what our traits are

• What kinds of things can proteins control? vgrowth, ______, development ____, enzymes repair to cell structures, etc. PROTEINS ARE THE KEYS TO LIFE AND DETERMINE WHAT AN ORGANISM LOOKS LIKE AND HOW THEY FUNCTION!!!! • How do genes make proteins? bases in DNA is a _____ code – the sequence of ______ for making (synthesis) of proteins

genetic code Ø this is why DNA is called a _______ Ø Why is DNA also called a “universal” code? All organisms have same type of code but differ in sequence and amount of nucleotides _________________ • How does the “genetic code” get decoded and made into proteins? RNA v _____

II. RNA (ribonucleic acid) nucleic acid that contains = a single stranded ____ the sugar ribose and is responsible for protein synthesis

A. DNA vs. RNA: 4 differences double stranded but RNA is 1. DNA is _______ single stranded ______ 2. DNA contains the sugar ______ deoxyribose but RNA contains the sugar ______ ribose 3. DNA contains the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). RNA contains adenine (A), cytosine uracil (U). (C), guanine (G), and _____

nucleus but RNA 4. DNA must stay within the ____ can and will move from the nucleus into the _____. cytoplasm

B. Types of RNA 1. Messenger RNA (m. RNA) = carries proteins from instructions for how to make ____ the DNA in the nucleus to the _____ ribosome in the cytoplasm 2. Transfer RNA (t. RNA) = brings ______ amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order so proteins that they can be built into new ____ 3. Ribosomal RNA (r. RNA) = RNA that with several proteins makes up the structures of ribosome a _____

Transcription = the process of transferring information from a strand of _____ DNA to a ______ strand of _____. RNA STEPS: 1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence of DNA to unwind and separate DNA • RNA polymerase = an enzyme that binds to DNA and begins transcription _____

base sequence of DNA • promoter = specific _____ that indicates to RNA polymerase where to begin transcription

template 2. One strand of DNA acts as a ____ nucleotides combine 3. Free floating RNA ______ complementary to the forming a strand that is _______ template strand.

4. The pre-m. RNA is edited by removing the _______ introns DNA that do not code for • introns = pieces of _____ proteins 5. The remaining pieces of RNA, known as spliced (joined) together to form exons, are _______ the completely complementary strand of RNA known as m. RNA code for • exons = DNA sequences that _____ proteins

*** What would be the base sequence of m. RNA if DNA is CGT AAT TGC GCA? *** m. RNA = GCA UUA ACG CGU

m. RNA D. Translation = the decoding of the _______ protein message into a _______ ribosomes If proteins • Translation occurs on _____. amino acids from the are to be built, ______ cytoplasm must be brought to the ribosome. monomers v Remember, amino acids are the ______ of proteins. 20 different types of amino acids. v There are ___ amino acids v polypeptide = long chains of _______ joined together

STEPS: 1. m. RNA leaves the nucleus ____ where it is made and goes to aribosome _____ rough • ribosomes are located either on the ______ cytoplasm ER or in the _____ 2. Once the m. RNA is bound to the ribosome, the m. RNA is “read” 1 ______ codon at a time. 3 consecutive nucleotides – codon = a set of __ amino acid that specify a specific ______

3. Each codon has a complementary ______ anti-codon which is found on t. RNA. For every codon read, t. RNA attaches the anticodon. • anticodon = complementary base sequence to m. RNAcodon the _____ 4. Attached to the other end of the t. RNA _____ is an amino acid. When t. RNA binds to m. RNA, _______ amino acids can be bonded together with peptide bonds until a ______ polypeptide or ____ protein forms.

stop codon is reached, the ribosome 5. When a _____ releases the newly formed polypeptide and the m. RNA molecule. This completes the process of translation. • The end result of translation is the formation of proteins that make up the large variety of ____ structure of organisms and help them to function ____.

*** What would the m. RNA, t. RNA, and amino acid sequence be if DNA is TAC AAC TTT? *** m. RNA = AUG UUG AAA t. RNA = UAC AAC UUU proteins = methionine leucine lysine *** READ CODONS***

The genetic code matches each RNA codon with its amino acid or function.