BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1 PAGES 132 150

BIOLOGY NOTES GENETICS PART 1 PAGES 132 -150

Standards 5. 1 Describe the cell cycle, including the ____ process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction 5. 2 Explain the relationship between mutation, ____ cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer 5. 3 ____ Compare and contrast binary fission and mitotic cell division

Essential Question: What mechanisms control the life cycle of the cell?

I. Organism Growth In order for an organism to grow they must cells because increase the number of _____ increasing the size of a cell does not make sense • Cells have ______ limits for how large they can large because: become. Cells cannot grow too _____ size but there 1. DNA – the cell can grow in _____ will be no extra ______ DNA made v leads to an “______ information crisis”

2. Surface Area Versus Volume volume increases much faster v a cell’s ____ surface area than its ____ DIAGRAM: 24 8 6 1 6: 1 54 27 3: 1 2: 1

surface area vlarge volumes with small ____ means the cell membrane cannot receive nutrients and get rid of _______ wastes fast _____ survive enough for the cell to ____ osmosis and _____ diffusion would occur Ø____ too slowly

cell II. The Cell Cycle = the life cycle of the _____ division which includes _______ growth and ____ grow and ____ develop the overall • to ______ organism old and worn-out cells • to replace ____

CELL CYCLE PROCESSES: 1. Interphase = the _______ growth part of the cell cycle in which all organelles are doubled except nucleus the ____

a. G 1 phase = Gap I phase in which the cell size and protein production is grows in _____ high _____ Ø nerve cells cannot replicate because they stuck in this phase get ______ b. S phase = Synthesis phase in which the chromosomes in the nucleus are copied _______ c. G 2 phase = Gap II phase in which the cell division prepares for _____

2. Mitosis = the process in which the cell nucleus is _____ replicated • Inside the nucleus is the genetic material of life DNA During cell division, the _____ DNA known as _____. will change forms. v chromatin = long, stringy strands of DNA _____ proteins called histones mixed loosely with ____ DNA double helix DNA and histones Chromatin Supercoiled DNA

b. chromosome = one long, continuous piece of DNA made of numerous ______ genes _____ Ø coiled chromosomes signal the start of mitosis _____ c. sister chromatids = identical halves of a _______ chromosome DIAGRAM:

chromosomes • mitosis will take the duplicated _______ Interphase (s) and divide them up made in _______ between two new _____ cells so that each new cell nucleus with the exact same will have a _____ material genetic ____ v this means that when mitosis makes new cells identical to the old cells they are ____ v the 4 phases in mitosis that will divide the DNA prophase are: _____ metaphase _____ anaphase _____ telophase _____

INTERPHASE Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrosome nucleus with DNA

PROPHASE

METAPHASE

ANAPHASE

TELOPHASE

CYTOKINESIS

3. cytokinesis = the last step of the cell division which divides the cell’s ___________ organelles and ______ cytoplasm e. g. animal cells = cleavage furrow plant cells = cell wall

2 identical • At the end of cytokinesis, there are __ cells which makes the overall organism grow _____ in _____ size • The resulting cells of the cell cycle are known somatic cells as ____ body cell (all cells or the v somatic cell = a _____ human body are considered somatic cells egg and ______) sperm EXCEPT _____

DIAGRAM OF THE CELL CYCLE:

III. Cell Cycle Rate & Cancer rate at which they divide and Cells control the ____ cells make new ______ • External and internal chemicals signal when cells start and each step of the cell cycle _______ function and the • Depending on a cell’s ____ overall age of an _____, organism time spent in cycle will vary each phase of the cell ______

e. g.

• Sometimes, cells are scheduled to self-destruct die in order for the overall organism to or ____ function properly v apoptosis = programmed cell ______ death e. g. webbed fingers as embryo webbed fingers

• Cancer = a class of diseases which results in the body’s inability to control the _______ growth and division of _____ cells resulting in an overabundance cells which can of unwanted and unusable _____ tumors clump together to form _______

benign if tumor cells v tumors are said to be _______ remain clumped together making it relatively cells by easy to remove all unwanted _____ treatment malignant if some of v tumors are said to be _____ the tumor cells migrate to other parts of the divide or form new body where they can _______ tumors

mutation v cancer is caused by some form of _____ or error found within the DNA Ø mutations can be _____ inherited or caused by some sort of outside influence like ______ carcinogens radiation and v treatments for cancer include _____ chemotherapy _______

IV. The Cell Cycle & Reproduction We know that all creatures start as a single cell. However, if cells only come from other cells, and they are identical after going through the cell cycle, how do _____ offspring differ from their ____? parents • In ____ asexual reproduction, a new organism is 1 parent and the offspring are created from __ _____ identical to this parent except if _____ mutations arise

sexual reproduction, a new organism is • In _______ DNA of __ 2 parents created from the _____ v DNA from each parent is placed together in a single cell which creates an _____ individual that is different from each parent v sexual reproduction produces a GREATER genetic variation amount of _______

A. Asexual Reproduction = the production of an individual from only __ 1 parent • Produces offspring that are ____ identical to parent DNA of the new offspring comes because the _____ from ___ 1 parent mitosis also results in • The cell cycle with ____ daughter cells _____ identical to parent cells mitosis and • This means the cell cycle with ____ some forms of asexual reproduction are very genetic similar process both of which limit _______ variation

Types of Asexual Reproduction: 1. Budding = type of asexual reproduction in buds off of the which a new organism _______ parent organism e. g. hydra, yeast Hydra bud Yeast

2. Regeneration = type of asexual reproduction in separate piece of the original organism can develop into a new ____ offspring _____ e. g. starfish, sponge

3. Binary Fission = type of asexual reproduction completely splits in ___ 2 in which the parent ______ and each half grows new ______ parts to become a organism complete _____ v binary fission and the cell cycle with mitosis _______ are almost identical process because they both occur in a single cell and have identical outcomes _____ e. g. flatworm, amoeba, bacteria, paramecium

parent cell DNA duplicates cell begins to divide daughter cells

4. Sporulation = a type of asexual reproduction spores are produced and in fungi when _______ scatter to create new ______ individuals e. g. bread mold, mosses, ferns

5. Vegetative Propagation = type of asexual plants grow from reproduction in which new _______ the stems, roots, or leaves of an _____ existing plant e. g. potato, strawberry

6. Parthenogenesis = type of asexual reproduction in which the female produces _____ eggs that can develop into new offspring fertilization without ______ e. g. Daphnia