Biology Mr Moore Cells Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Chapter
Biology Mr. Moore Cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Chapter # _____ Pages #______ 1
Rewind Your Mind n Match the following terms/ statements with their correct macromolecule: A. Carbohydrate B. Lipid C. Nucleic Acid D. Protein n n n n Monomer: Amino Acid Long term energy Directions for building enzymes Ring Formation Makes Cell Membrane Phosphate, sugar, Nitrogenous base Connected by Peptide bonds Ends in “-ose” D B C A B C D A 2
Year In Progress Scientific Method Cells (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic) Macromolecules Molecules (H 2 O) Basic Chem. Characteristics Of Life 3
Prokaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic ng o S lar lu Cel 4
Basic Cells n Cell = the smallest “living” building block of any organism. (Only Real Men Have Abs!) Typical Animal Cell 5
History of Cell Discovery (1 st) (Non EOC Material) 1665: Robert Hooke –Austrian Monk n Invented the Microscope n Saw 1 st Cell (CORK) n Coined the phrase “cell”… n Reminded him of his living conditions!!! 6
History of Cell Discovery (2 nd) (Non EOC Material) 1675 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek n Saw 1 st Living cell (Pond Water!) n Invented the “Wet Mount Slide” n 7
History of Cell Discovery (3 rd) (Non EOC Material) 1838 (163 Years Later…) Matthias Schleiden: discovered that all plants are made from cells n 8
History of Cell Discovery (4 th) (Non EOC Material) 1839 (Only 1 year forward) Theodore Schwann: Discovered all Animals are made of cells n Think of Schwann as Swan!!! n 9
History of Cell Discovery (5 th) (Non EOC Material) 1855 (16 years into the future. . ) Rudolph Virchow: Discovered that cells come from pre-existing cells…he also saw the 1 st Nucleus (of a cell // not an ATOM!!!) n 10
The Cell Theory 1. 2. 3. All Organisms are made of 1 or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function All cells come from pre-existing cells Atom Cell Tissues Population Molecule Organ Community Macromolecule Organ System Organisms Ecosystem 11
Types of Cells 1. 2. Prokaryotic (Simple Cell) No Nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Example: Bacteria (Probiotics) “Eu”karyotic (“You”) Has Nucleus and many Organelles (like small organs of the cell!!) Includes Plant and Animal Cells 12
6 Kingdoms of Classification Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Animal Plant Archebacteria Eubacteria Protists Fungi 13
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tion a m Ani ells C of 16
EOC Practice Problems n Which types of organisms developed first due to the early environmental conditions on Earth? A. prokaryotic and aerobic B. prokaryotic and anaerobic C. eukaryotic and aerobic D. eukaryotic and anaerobic 17
Rewind Your Mind n What are the differences between a Prokaryotic Cell and a Eukaryotic Cell? n What are the names and functions of the 4 macromolecules? • Eukaryotic cells: More complex, large in size multicellular, younger, have nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, include plants and animals • Prokaryotic cells: Older, simple, small in size, no nucleus, include all bacteria • Carbohydrates: Quick Energy • Lipids: Long term energy, insulation, form cell membrane • Protein: Building/ repair material, speed up chemical reactions • Nucleic Acids: Genetic material, instructions for building proteins 18
Eukaryotic Organelles l a m i n vs. A t n Pla Rap 19
Eukaryotic Basics Main difference between Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells are Organelles. n Think of Organelles as tiny organs of the cell. n Each has a specific job or function to do for the cell. n For each organelle know: Structure, function, and types of cells that have them!! n 20
Cell Membrane n n n Also known as “Plasma Membrane” Made of Phospholipids, and some proteins. Barrier between cell and universe. “Selectively Permeable” some things thru, others not. Found in ALL cells!! 21
Cytoplasm n n n Clear liquid that fills in the gaps of the cell. A “gel-like” substance. Allows other organelles and substances to move around in the cell. In cell diagrams, usually the arrow that points to nothing. Found in ALL cells!!!! Cytoplasm 22
Nucleus n n “Command Center” of cell. Stores DNA also known as “chromatin” (Genetic material/ protein building instructions of cell) Usually central circle in “Cell Diagram” Found only in Eukaryotic Cells. 23
Nucleolus n n n Found inside the Nucleus Place where DNA (Chromatin) is “read” in order to make ribosomes. Drawn as dark circle inside Nucleus. “Controls the Nucleus” Found in all Eukaryotic Cells!! Nucleolus 24
Ribosomes n n n Also known as r. RNA Very important part of “reading” DNA while making proteins (Translation) Found in cytoplasm, or on ER Usually drawn as black dots on cell diagram Found in ALL cells!! 25
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) n n 2 types: Smooth (no ribosomes), Rough (has ribosomes attached to surface. Used for transportation of “goods” (proteins, ribosomes) around the inside of cells. Drawn as “pancake stacks” Found in Eukaryotic Cells only!!!!! Smooth ER Rough ER 26
Mitochondria “Power House” of the cell n Place where “Cellular Respiration” occurs: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O +36 ATP n Has separate/ own DNA n Inner membrane surface allows chemical reactions n Found in Eukaryotic cells n More in active cells: Ex. Muscle Cells > Skin Cells n 27
Chloroplasts “Solar Panel” of the cell. n Used in energy collection: “Photosynthesis” CO 2 + H 2 O + Sun Light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 n Green in color n Usually drawn as a circle with stacks of “coins” inside. n Found in Plant cells (leaves), some Bacteria (Prokaryotic Cells) and Fungi n 28
Vacuoles n n n “Storage Shed” of the cell. Used to store water (contractile vacuole) and food (food vacuole) as well as some other building material/ waste. Plant cells have 1 LARGE Central Vacuole, animal cells have many small vacuoles. Drawn as an empty circle. Found in Eukaryotic Cells! Plant Cell Example Vacuole 29
Golgi Apparatus n n Stores, packages, and ships (proteins) from inside the cell to outside the cell. Also known as Golgi Body, and Golgi Complex Drawn as flat stacks. Found in Eukaryotic Cells!! 30
Lysosomes n n n Destroys worn out/ dead cell parts to recycle them. Affectionately known as “Suicide Sacs” Drawn as double layered, small circles with dots inside Found in Eukaryotic Cells!! More common in regenerating portions of organisms Little Dots represent… Ex. More found in Tad pole tails Enzymes…. Why? 31
Cell Wall n n n Outermost layer of plant cells, and some bacteria (prokaryotes). Used for support of the organism. Made of Cellulose (porous: allows things to pass threw) Square shape around outside of cell. When vacuole pushes against, allows plant to grow “up”. Cell Wall Cell Membrane 32
Centrioles n n Used in ANIMAL Cell division. Drawn as a stack of rods (pencils) together Used during “Mitosis” (body cells), and “Meiosis” (sex cells)… both processes of cell division. Move to opposite ends of cell when going thru division. 33
Flagella & Cilia n n n Used for locomotion (movement) by the cell. Flagellum: long, single, whip -like tail Cilia: multiple, short projections that “beat” in rhythm. (ex. Lining of lungs) Flagellum predominately in prokaryotes (exception: sperm) Cilia found in both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Cilia 34
Eukaryotic Cell Diagram 35
Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell n Plant Cell: Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Large Vacuoles, Square Shape n Animal Cell: Centrioles, Small vacuoles, Round Shape 36
Cell City Metaphor (Activity) Example: High School Front Door: Enter and Exit Cell Membrane: n Cytoplasm: Knowledge: All around us, we move threw it n Nucleus: Main Office: Control Center Principal: Runs office, makes students better n Nucleolus: n Ribosome: Students: Producing academic work n Endoplasmic Reticulum: Hallway: Transport, students on Cafeteria: Supplies energy n Mitochondria: n 37
Cell City Metaphor (Activity) Example: High School Homework Bin: Collects academic Energy Chloroplasts: Storage Closets: Store needed material n Vacuoles: Mail Bin: Collects final products to ship out n Golgi Apparatus: Recycle Bin: Collects waste to be reused n Lysosomes: School Campus: Gives school shape n Cell Wall: Bathrooms: Divides the school population n Centrioles: School Newspaper: Moves us in new directions n Cilia/ Flagella: n 38
EOC Practice Problems n A scientist treats a cell with a chemical that destroys the ribosomes. As a result, which cell process will be stopped? A. osmosis B. photosynthesis C. protein synthesis D. respiration n Which is the most likely function of a group of cells that contains a high number of chloroplasts? A. respiration B. transpiration C. fermentation D. photosynthesis 39
EOC Practice Problems n Which kingdoms have photosynthetic organisms? A. fungi and plants B. fungi and protists C. protists and plants D. plants and animals n Some organelles have their own DNA that is distinct from the cell’s nuclear DNA. This is true of which organelle? A. cell wall B. mitochondrion C. plasma membrane D. vacuole 40
EOC Practice Problem Cell Diagram n Protein synthesis occurs at which of the structures shown in the cell diagram? A. B. C. D. I II IV V I II III V IV 41
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