BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW FRANCESCANGELI 2014 BIOLOGY REVIEW 1

BIOLOGY MIDTERM REVIEW FRANCESCANGELI 2014

BIOLOGY REVIEW 1. These organic compounds are the main fuel supply for cellular work? Glucose (sugar)

BIOLOGY REVIEW 2. What effect do enzymes have on chemical reactions? They lower the activation energy of the reactions.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 3. These substances accelerate the rate of chemical reactions: Catalysts

BIOLOGY REVIEW 4. What are the key characteristics of enzymes? They are proteins; affected by temperature changes; work best at a specific p. H.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 5. What is calculated to determine the total magnification of a microscope? Eye piece power X objective lenses

BIOLOGY REVIEW 6. How do eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ from one another? Eukaryotes: nucleus, large/complex cells – protists, fungi, animals, plants. Prokaryotes: no nucleus, small/simple cells – archaea and bacteria.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 7. Describe what will happen to the molecules of a solution when the concentration on each side is the same: Continue to move across the membrane in both directions (*maintain equilibrium)

BIOLOGY REVIEW 8. What effect will osmosis have on an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water? Salt water? Fresh water: cell will burst; water moves in. Salt water: cell will shrivel; water moves out.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 9. How do plant cells differ from animal cells? Plants contain: cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 10. What organelles in the body produce proteins? Ribosomes

BIOLOGY REVIEW 11. What are some of the functions of the mitochondria in cells? Produce energy (ATP) for the working cells/tissues in the body.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 12. List the main principles of The Cell Theory: -Cells are the basic units of life. -All living things are made up of cells. -All cells come from existing cells.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 13. What does it mean when a membrane is ‘selectively permeable’? Certain molecules can pass, others cannot.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 14. What is the function of the cell membrane? To regulate which materials enter/exit the cell.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 15. Which structures are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells? Chloroplast and cell wall.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 16. What is the function of the cell wall? Protection and support its shape.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 17. What is happening during diffusion? Net movement of molecules from an area of [high] to [low].

BIOLOGY REVIEW 18. What is osmosis? Passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Water will move from where there is a [low] of solute to the [high] solute.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 19. Describe active transport: Transport of particles requiring energy. Moves across concentration gradient (from low to high).

BIOLOGY REVIEW 20. Describe the structural make-up of the cell membrane (head/tail): Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 21. The main purpose of cellular respiration is to: Produce ATP.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 22. How is energy released from an ATP molecule? When a phosphate group is removed from ATP.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 23. The correct sequence of cellular respiration is: Glycolysis – Krebs – Electron Transport Chain

BIOLOGY REVIEW 24. Describe how the reactants/products are related between cellular respiration and photosynthesis: Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide; Cellular respiration produces it.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 25. What does ‘aerobic’ and ‘anaerobic’ mean? Aerobic – requires oxygen. Anaerobic – does not require oxygen.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 26. In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ____ during cellular respiration: Krebs cycle

BIOLOGY REVIEW 27. The overall products of photosynthesis: Oxygen and Glucose (sugar)

BIOLOGY REVIEW 28. What are the overall products of photosynthesis? Oxygen + Glucose (sugar)

BIOLOGY REVIEW 29. Why do most plants appear green? Green light is reflected.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 30. What effect does carbon dioxide have on a plant’s production of sugar? Decrease in carbon dioxide production = decrease in sugar output.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 31. Following interphase, what are signs that mitosis has begun? -Nuclear envelope begins to disappear. -Chromatin condenses (becomes visible). -Spindle fibers form.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 32. How does meiosis differ from mitosis? Mitosis – produces 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis – produces 4 genetically different haploid daughter cells.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 33. Diagram the different stages of mitosis:

BIOLOGY REVIEW 34. The exchanging of genetic information between homologous chromosomes is known as? Crossing over

BIOLOGY REVIEW 35. Which type of cell goes through mitosis? Meiosis? Mitosis – somatic cells. Meiosis – gametes (sex cells).

BIOLOGY REVIEW 36. What is a hypothesis? An educated guess that can be TESTED.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 37. Why is it important to include a control group while conducting an experiment? To record/determine if any changes have taken place.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 38. What is the difference between a dependent variable and independent variable? Independent variable – X-axis; being tested. Dependent variable – Y-axis; values change.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 39. Be able to diagram an X/Y chart with the appropriate and labels. The effect coffee has on heart rate. Cups of coffee vs. heart rate.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 40. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions – illustrations may be useful. Hypertonic – solution with a [higher] of solute; cell shrinks. Hypotonic – solution with a [lower] of solute; cell swells. Isotonic – solution with [equal] of solute; no net movement.

BIOLOGY REVIEW HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC

BIOLOGY REVIEW 41. What role do vesicles have on cells? Sacs that help move particles in/out/around the cell.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 42. What role do vacuoles have on cells? Storage of undigested nutrients.

BIOLOGY REVIEW 43. Describe the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis: Exocytosis – exporting materials OUT of a cell. Endocytosis – takes materials INTO cell.