Biology Lesson Overview Topic Macromolecules Learning target I

Biology • Lesson Overview • Topic: Macromolecules • Learning target: I can describe the functions of the four groups of macromolecules.

Lipids • Are macromolecules made of mostly carbon, hydrogen and some oxygen. • Not soluble in water. • Examples: üFats üOils üWaxes üSteroids

Lipids • Many are formed when glycerol molecule bonds with fatty acids molecules.

Lipids • Saturated fat: all the carbon to carbon bond are single in the fatty acid. • Unsaturated fat: at least one carbon to carbon double bond in the fatty acid. • Polyunsaturated fat: more than one carbon to carbon double bond in the fatty acid.

Lipids • Function…. . Ø used to store energy ØImportant parts of biological membranes. ØWaterproof covering ØChemical messengers (hormones which are steroids) Steroids molecules

Lipids • Fun facts ØUnsaturated fats like olive oil tend to be liquid at room temperature. ØIn fats if double bonds increases, then the melting point decreases.

Lipids

Nucleic Acids…. . • Are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus • Are polymers, their monomers (nucleotides) join together by covalent bonds. • Also knows as polynucleotides • Function…. . ØStore and transmit genetic information.

Nucleic Acids…. . • Nucleotides: the building blocks of nucleic acids. ( a monomer) • Composed of… Ø 5 carbon sugar Ø phosphate group Ø nitrogenous base • Some nucleotides are use to transfer chemical energy. ØExample: adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Proteins • Are macromolecules made of mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulpher. • Building block are amino acids, (monomers) • Two amino acids: dipeptides • Are polymers called polypeptides • Functions…. . Ø controls rate of reactions Ø regulate cell processes ØForm cellular structures ØTransport substances into and out of cells Ø Help fight diseases

Proteins • Amino acids – are made of three parts • an amino group (–NH 2) • a carboxyl group (–COOH) • R group a chain that makes the amino different • There are 20 amino acids are found in humans, more in nature carboxyl group Amino group Variable R group

Proteins ● Peptide Bond = Covalent bond between amino acids, between amino and carboxyl groups ● 2 amino acids = dipeptide ● Long chain of amino acids = polypeptide Peptide Bond Formation

Proteins • Proteins structure