Biology LB Use cover that doesnt have sticker
Biology LB: Use cover that doesn’t have sticker on it Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Ragweed Pollen Slide 2 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Immune Disorders Although the immune system defends the body against pathogens, sometimes disorders occur in the immune system itself. There are three different types of immune system disorders: • allergies • autoimmune diseases • immunodeficiency diseases Slide 3 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Allergies Overreactions of the immune system to antigens are allergies. Common allergies include pollen, dust, mold, and bee stings. Antigens that cause allergic reactions are called allergens. Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Allergies When allergy-causing antigens enter the body, they attach themselves to mast cells. Mast cells are specialized immune system cells that initiate the inflammatory response. The activated mast cells release histamines. Slide 5 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Allergies Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the area. They increase mucus production in the respiratory system, which induces sneezing, watery eyes, and runny nose. Antihistamines are drugs that counteract histamines. Slide 6 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Asthma Some allergic reactions cause asthma. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease in which the air passages become narrower than normal. This causes wheezing, coughing, and difficulty in breathing. If not treated, asthma can lead to permanent damage or destruction of lung tissue. Slide 7 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Autoimmune Diseases What is an autoimmune disease? Slide 8 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Autoimmune Diseases When the immune system attacks the body's own cells, it produces an autoimmune disease. Slide 9 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Autoimmune Diseases Some examples of autoimmune diseases include: • Type I diabetes attacks insulin-producing cells. • Rheumatoid arthritis attacks connective tissues around joints. • Myasthenia gravis attacks neuromuscular junctions. • Multiple sclerosis (MS) destroys functions of brain and spinal cord neurons. Slide 10 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Autoimmune Diseases Some autoimmune diseases are treated with medications that alleviate specific symptoms. Slide 11 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders Immunodeficiency Diseases An immunodeficiency disease is one in which a person has a weakened immune response. In one type of immunodeficiency disease, the immune system fails to develop normally. A second type of immunodeficiency disease is AIDS. Slide 12 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS In 1983, researchers identified the cause of AIDS —a virus that is caused by the HIV for human immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a retrovirus—a virus that carries its genetic information in RNA, rather than DNA. Slide 13 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS HIV attacks and destroys helper T cells. As the number of helper T cells decreases, the body becomes more susceptible to other diseases. The diseases that attack a person with a weakened immune system are called opportunistic diseases. Slide 14 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS HIV Infection Slide 15 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS Envelope Reverse transcriptase Viral RNA enzyme Capsid Protein coat 1 1 Virus attaches to host cell membrane by recognizing specific molecules on the cell surface. Slide 16 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders 2 AIDS Viral coat fuses with cell membrane and viral RNA enters the cell 2 Slide 17 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders 3 Reverse transcriptase uses viral RNA as a template to make viral DNA. AIDS 3 Slide 18 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders 4 Viral DNA enters nucleus and attaches to host chromosome. There it may remain dormant or begin directing the synthesis of viral m. RNA and RNA. AIDS 4 Slide 19 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders 5 Viral m. RNA directs the host cell to assemble viral proteins. AIDS 5 Slide 20 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders 6 Capsids are assembled around the viral proteins and RNA. The new viruses bud off from the host cell membrane. AIDS 6 Slide 21 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS Transmission of HIV is not transmitted through casual contact. HIV can only be transmitted through the exchange of blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk. Slide 22 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS How can AIDS be prevented? Slide 23 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS Preventing HIV Infection The only no-risk behavior with respect to HIV and AIDS is abstinence. People who share contaminated needles to inject themselves with drugs are at a high risk for contracting HIV. People who have sex with drug abusers are also at high risk. Slide 24 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Immune System Disorders AIDS Can AIDS Be Cured? At present, there is no cure for AIDS. The virus can be controlled by expensive multidrug and multivitamin “cocktails” that fight the virus. Slide 25 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall End Show
40 -3 Click to Launch: Continue to: - or - Slide 26 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
40 -3 Allergies result when antigens from allergens bind to a. histamines. b. pathogens. c. mast cells. d. T cells. Slide 27 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
40 -3 An example of an autoimmune disease is a. polio. b. multiple sclerosis. c. asthma. d. smallpox. Slide 28 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
40 -3 In Type I diabetes, antibodies attack a. connective tissues around the joints. b. neuromuscular junctions. c. insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. d. epinephrine-producing cells in the adrenal cortex. Slide 29 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
40 -3 The retrovirus HIV causes a. AIDS. b. myasthenia gravis. c. asthma. d. polio. Slide 30 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
40 -3 The principle targets of the HIV virus are the body’s a. red blood cells. b. helper T cells. c. connective tissue in the joints. d. B cells. Slide 31 of 31 End Show Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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