Biology I Environmental Interest Grabber Notebook 1 Levels

+ Biology I Environmental

+ Interest Grabber – Notebook #1 Levels Within Levels n An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment. Within an ecosystem, there are several levels of organization. Your school and its grounds are similar to an ecosystem.

+ Interest Grabber cont. n 1. What living things are found in and around your school? n 2. n 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided? n 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided? n 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups? What nonliving things are found in your school?

+ Interest Grabber n n n n n 1. What living things are found in and around your school? Living things in the school are students, teachers, principal, assistant principals, clerical staff, custodians, lunchroom staff. Students may also include animals in science labs. Living things around the school include grass, trees, shrubs, insects, birds, and so on. 2. What nonliving things are found in your school? The building, furniture, desks, books, papers, and so on 3. Into what large groups are the students in your school divided? 9 th, 10 th, 11 th, 12 th grades, or years 4. Into what smaller groups are these large groups divided? Classes 5. Are these groups ever divided into even smaller groups? If so, what are these groups? Students may say that science classes are divided into lab groups; other classes may be divided into groups for projects.

+ Ecological Levels of Organization

+ Food Web- A network of complex feeding interaction between various organisms in an ecosystem

+ Ecological Pyramids-based on the number of organisms at each trophic level Energy Pyramid Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for life processes. The rest is lost as heat. Biomass Pyramid Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid. Pyramid of Numbers Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

+ Trophic Levels

+ Trophic Levels

+ The Water Cycle

+ The Carbon Cycle CO 2 in Atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean

+ The Nitrogen Cycle N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 NO 3 and NO 2 -

+ The Oxygen Cycle

+ NOTEBOOK #2 1. List the levels of organization from individual to biosphere. 2. What is a food web? 3. Where in an energy pyramid do you find the first trophic level? 4. Where do you find high level consumers in and energy pyramid? 5. What role do decomposers play in the ecosystem? (relate the answer to energy. ) 6. Where does the energy come from that enters the energy pyramid? 7. Why are the water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen cycle so important to life on our planet?

+ Interest Grabber – Notebook #3 Fitting In n Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. n 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. n 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

+ Interest Grabber n 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. n Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse. n 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. n Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same food (rabbits).

+ Biotic and Abiotic Factors- biotic refers to all the of the living things in the environment, abiotic refers to the nonliving things in the environment Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

+ Competition When organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource.

+ Predation- an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism

+ Symbiosis – Any relationship in which two species live closely together. There are 3 : *mutualism *commensalism *parasitism

+ Mutualism – both benefit

+ Commensalism – one benefits the other is neither helped or harmed

+ Parasitism- one benefits the other is harmed

+ Niche – full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which he organism uses those conditions Species of Warblers Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches

+ NOTEBOOK #4 1. What is the difference between biotic and abiotic? 2. What is competition? 3. What is predation? 4. What is symbiosis? 5. Describe mutualism. Give an example. 6. Describe commensalism. Give an example. 7. Describe parasitism. Give an example. 8. What is a niche?

+ Interest Grabber – Notebook #5 Who’s There? n. If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of animals and plants are found in different parts of the world.

+ Interest Grabber n 1. Describe the climate where you live. n 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. n 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?

+ Interest Grabber n 1. Describe the climate where you live. n 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. n Questions 1– 2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country in which students live. n 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now? n Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold.

+ The Greenhouse Effect-Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and a few other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range.

+ Heating of the Earth’s Surface Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Arctic circle Sunlight Most direct sunlight 66. 5°N Tropic of Cancer Equator 0° Tropic of Capricorn 23. 5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle Earth’s surface 23. 5°N Sunlight 66. 5°S 90°S South Pole

+ 10 Major Biomes Biome- group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor high dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna variable Desert low Temperate Grassland moderate mild variable summer hot clay poor rich moderate sparse absent dense sparse dense Temperate woodland summer low, and Shrubland winter moderate summer hot poor low medium Temperate Forest moderate summer moderate, rich winter cold high dense sparse Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest high rocky, acidic low dense sparse poor, acidic moderate dense sparse Tundra low summer mild, winter cold summer mild, winter cool summer mild, winter cold poor low absent medium moderate

+ The World’s Major Land Biomes Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Tropical savanna Temperate woodland shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Boreal forest (Taiga)

+ Aquatic Ecosystem Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore. The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. Water Frog lilies Mosquito Duckweed larvae The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. Duck Dragonfly Snail The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, Pickerel Diving beetle Fish share the pond while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the with turtles and other surface. animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Trout The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and Hydra other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Snail Crayfish surface. Phytoplankton Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Benthic crustaceans

+ Marine Ecosystem land Coastal ocean Open ocean 200 m 1000 m Photic zone 4000 m Aphotic zone 6000 m Ocean trench 10, 000 m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain

+ NOTEBOOK #6 1. What is the Greenhouse Effect? 2. What causes the Greenhouse Effect? 3. How do the sun’s rays influence the Earth’s temperature? 4. How are the different types of biomes determined? 5. What type of biome do we live in?

+ Interest Grabber- NOTEBOOK #8 How Fast Are We Growing? n Until about 500 years ago, the world’s human population remained fairly stable. Then, as advances in medicine, agriculture, and technology occurred, the human population began growing very rapidly. Today, the world’s human population is greater than 6 billion people, and it continues to grow, but at a slower rate.

+ Interest Grabber cont. n 1. The human population is increasing by about 1. 4 percent each year. Assume that the population is 6 billion (6, 000, 000). How large will the population be in one year? n 2. If the human population continues to grow at a rate of 1. 4 percent per year, the population would double in size (to 12 billion people) in only 51 years! What effect might this increase in population have on the environment and on other people?

+ Interest Grabber n 1. The human population is increasing by about 1. 4 percent each year. Assume that the population is 6 billion (6, 000, 000). How large will the population be in one year? n 6, 000, 000 X 0. 014 = 84, 000 people will be added in one year, so the population would be 6. 08 billion in one year. n 2. If the human population continues to grow at a rate of 1. 4 percent per year, the population would double in size (to 12 billion people) in only 51 years! What effect might this increase in population have on the environment and on other people? n Students might suggest that this increase in the population would increase the need for roads, medicines, food, and all necessary resources. In addition, people would be living in more crowded areas, and pollution would increase because there would be more vehicles on the roads.

+ Concept Map – Population Growth can be Logistic growth Exponential growth characterized by No limits on growth Unlimited resources represented by Constant growth rate J-shaped curve characterized by Limits on growth which cause a Falling growth rate represented by S-shaped curve

+ Logistic Growth n. As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops. • Logistic Growth – occurs when the growth of a population slows or stops following a period of exponential growth.

Logistic Growth Curve – S shape Carrying capacity Number of Yeast Cells + Time (hours)

+ Carrying Capacity n. Carrying capacity – largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support

+ Exponential Growth n. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. • Exponential growth – occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.

+ Exponential Growth – J shape

+ Human Population Growth Industrial Revolution begins Agriculture begins Plowing and irrigation Bubonic plague

+ Distribution U. S. Population Males Females Rwandan Population Males Females

+ NOTEBOOK #9 1. What is logistic growth? 2. When does logistic growth occur? 3. What “ shape” graph is commonly seen with logistic growth? 4. What is exponential growth? 5. When does exponential growth occur? 6. What “ shape” graph is commonly seen with exponential growth? 7. How does human population growth in humans occur? Logistically or exponentially?

+ Interest Grabber – NOTEBOOK #10 Name That Resource! n. A situation that causes the growth of a population to decrease is called a limiting factor. Some limiting factors depend on the size of the population. Other limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size.

+ Interest Grabber cont. n 1. Imagine a small island that has a population of five rabbits. How might each of the following factors affect the rabbit population? n a. climate n 2. Now imagine another small island that has a population of 500 rabbits. How would the same factors affect this population? n 3 Which of the factors depend on population size? Which factors do not depend on population size? b. food supply c. predation

+ Density-Dependent Limiting Factors • Density dependent limiting factor – limiting factor that depends on population size • Become limiting only when the population density reaches a certain level. • Types: n Competition n Predation n Parasitism n Disease

+ Density-Dependent Limiting Factor Growth of Aphids Exponential growth Peak population size Rapid decline Steady population size

+ Density Independent Limiting Factor n Density-independent limiting factors- affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of the population size. • Types: n Unusual weather n Natural disasters n Seasonal cycles n Certain human activities • Ex. damming rivers, clear-cutting forests

+ Biological Magnification- increasing concentration of a harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels in a food chain or food web Magnification of DDT Concentration Fish-Eating Birds 10, 000 Large Fish 1, 000 Small Fish 100, 000 Zooplankton 10, 000 Producers 1000 Water 1

+ Biodiversity Hot Spots

+ NOTEBOOK #11 1. What is a density-dependent limiting factor? 2. Give and example. 3. What is a density-independent limiting factor? 4. Give an example. 5. What is biological magnification?