Biology I Chapter 13 Gene Technology Do Now

Biology I Chapter 13 Gene Technology

Do Now Until recently, looking through detailed records on family history of disease was the only way to try to avoid certain genetic conditions in some purebred dogs, such as a bleeding disorder called von Willebrand's Disease. What technological advances may have reduced the need for this process? • A. use of reproductive sperm donation to increase fertility • B. determination of the sequence of the human genome • C. none of these • D. development of canine testing for genetic disease carriers • Answer: D

Human Genome • Human Genome Project-a research effort undertaken to sequence our entire DNA and locate within it all of the functionally important sequences, such as genes. • Began in 1990 & was completed in 2003. • It makes it easier to find the genes causing diseases.

The Future of Genomics • Bioinformatics-combines biological science, computer science, and information technology to enable the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles. • Proteomics-the study of all of an organism’s proteins, including their identities, structures, interactions, and abundances.

Gene Therapy • Gene therapy-a genetic disorder is treated by introducing a gene into a patient’s cells.

Gene Therapy • Advances in biotechnology, especially regarding genetic testing and gene therapy, now allow for the screening and possible treatment of many genetic disorders. During gene therapy, for example, specific gene sequences are inserted into an individual's cells and tissues to replace a defective or mutant allele. • Scientists use viruses to insert specific gene sequences.

Gene Splicing • Gene Splicing-The process in which fragments of DNA from one or more different organisms are combined to form recombinant DNA • Ex. a segment of human DNA is inserted into the DNA sequence of a bacterium

Do Now Genetic disorders are caused by the insertion, deletion, or alteration of segments of DNA. However, in order for scientists to be able to determine which genes are faulty, they must first know the normal sequences of DNA. In 1990, an international effort began to analyze the human DNA sequence. What is the name given to this global research that was completed in 2003? • A. The Human Genome Project • B. The Geneva Conference • C. The National Institute of Health • D. The DNA Revolution

Do Now Every year millions of crops are lost due to pests. In recent times, however, scientists have learned that they can insert a gene into the DNA of specific crops that gives them a higher pest-resistance than normal. This technology allows farmers to have higher crop yields and increases the supply of valuable food sources. This technology is an example of • A. crossing over. • B. DNA transcription. • C. gene splicing. • D. binary fission.

Do Now Gene therapy is an artificial means of altering genetic material. Why might someone want to undergo gene therapy? • A. • B. • C. • D. to try to produce a negative effect to try to cure a genetic disorder to try to break a bad habit to try to become more emotionally stable • Answer: B

Selective Breeding • Selective Breeding- is the process by which humans breed other animals and plants for particular traits

Differentiation • Differentiation-a cell becomes specialized in structure and function. • Stem Cells-cells that have the ability to become any type of cell.

• • Parkinson Disease: Skin > i. PS > human NSCs > Dopamine Neurons Skin > i. PS > ESCs > lung organoids - COPD / lung cancer Organ on a Chip - Skin > i. PS > study organ cells on plastic chip Test thousands of small molecules, at one time, in a petri dish to find one, out of 1000, with desired beneficial therapeutic effect

Cloning • A clone is an individual created by asexual reproduction and thus is genetically identical to a single parent.

Nuclear Transplantation • Nuclear Transplantation-the introduction of a nucleus from a body cell into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor • Nuclear Transplantation 2

Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Implant blastocyst in surrogate mother Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Clone of donor is born (reproductive cloning) Grow in culture to produce an early embryo (blastocyst) Remove embryonic Stem cells from blastocyst and grow in culture Figure 11. 10 Induce stem cells to form specialized cells (therapeutic cloning)

Reproductive Cloning • Reproductive cloning-the type of cloning which results in birth of a new individual. • Reproductive cloning of nonhuman mammals is useful in research, agriculture, and medicine.

Therapeutic Cloning • Therapeutic cloning-when the major aim is to produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments. • Embryonic stem cells-give rise to the different kinds of specialized cells of the body. • Embryonic stem cells can perpetuate themselves in culture and give rise to differentiated cells.

Vaccine • Vaccine-a substance containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen that physicians introduce into the body to produce immunity to disease.

Genetically Modified Organism • Genetically modified organisms-an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means rather than by traditional breeding methods.

Agricultural Applications • To feed the planet’s hungry population, biologists have made crop plants that are more tolerant to environmental conditions. • The plants are protected from serious damage and yield more food.

GMO Concerns • Genetically-engineered genes can be transferred to wild plants in the area. • Over time, insects are likely to develop resistance to the bacterial toxin that initially killed them.

CRISPR/CAS 9 • Mosquitos - delete gene to cause sterilization…. . Malaria, Zika, Dengue • Mushrooms - delete gene to prevent browning and early decay • Ferret - help save endangered species by increasing their genetic diversity • Bacteria - enhance plastic degradation genes…. . ‘plastic eating bacteria’

Bioethics • Bioethics-the study of ethical issues related to DNA technology

Do Now Genetic engineering is the process of manipulating genes for practical purposes. Today, scientists have genetically engineered many types of organisms including crop plants. Which of the following is a current benefit gained from genetically engineered crops? • A. Some food staples, such as rice, contain more nutrients. • B. Some disease resistant fruits and vegetables are less flavorful. • C. Some animals develop allergies to the genetically engineered crops. • D. Some genes can be transferred to wild plants in the area. • Answer: A

Do Now Recently, scientists have genetically engineered fruit crops to contain vaccines. How might these fruit crops most likely benefit society? • A. They could help eradicate all infectious diseases in the world. • B. They could encourage people to eat healthier food. • C. They could make it cheaper and easier to administer vaccines. • D. They could make fruit crops more productive than they were before. • Answer: C

Do Now Many crops such as tomatoes and corn are now routinely genetically manipulated to become more resistant to disease and herbicides. What is one disadvantage of this genetic resistance? • A. The crops always become less flavorful and less nutritious. • B. The genes are transferred to their own progeny when they reproduce. • C. The genes may be transferred to weeds during pollination. • D. The crops are no longer able to reproduce. • Answer: C

Quiz Questions • 1. Briefly describe the Human Genome Project, including when it began and when it was completed. (2 points) • 2. Explain the steps of nuclear transplantation, including the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning. (6 points) • 3. Define genetically modified organisms and give your view on its use. (2 points)