BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY 2 CATEGORY 2 DNA
BIOLOGY EOC REPORTING CATEGORY : 2
CATEGORY 2 DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS GENETICS
6 A-R DNA DOUBLE HELIX BASE PAIR RULE A = C = T ____ G ____
6 A - R DNA Structure and Function MONOMERS
6 B - S GENETIC CODE = the order of the nucleotide bases of a gene for a particular trait/protein
6 A - R DNA REPLICATION S Occurs in the __ phase of the cell cycle Occurs in the ____ nucleus of the cell Ensures every cell same has the ______ DNA
6 C - S TRANSCRIPTION DNA to m. RNA ◦ Occurs in the nucleus ____ of the cell ◦ DNA cannot leave the ______ nucleus ◦ RNA can fit through pores nuclear _______ ◦ m. RNA goes to the ribosomes ______ ◦ Which process is translation next? _______
6 C - S UCU = Serine AAA = Lysine DNA =AAT RNA= UUA
6 C - S Translation
6 C-S PROTEIN SYNTHESIS at the Ribosomes *m. RNA codons match with anticodons on t. RNA the ____ *Occurs at ribosomes the _______ *Amino acids will bond with Peptide ______ bonds to form a polypeptide proteins or _______
6 C-S PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
6 E - R MUTATIONS: OCCUR WHEN THE GENES OR ALLELES OF THE DNA ARE CHANGED insertion substitution
6 D - S DNA Code Protein Gene Expression Alleles (in genetics, the forms of a gene will either be a Dominant Allele or a Recessive Allele) Dominant Alleles = block recessive alleles and are expressed (represented with Capital letter= E) Recessive Alleles = get blocked by Dominant alleles ◦ EXAMPLE: ◦ Genotype (gene combination you get from parents)GENOTYPE= EE ◦ Phenotype (physical trait displayed) PHENOTYPE= three eyes
MENDELIAN GENETICS MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE= traits are determined by gene factors and the gene factors that are dominant over other gene factors will be expressed LAW OF SEGREGATION= traits are determined by two gene factors that get separated during gamete formation (meiosis) LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT= gene factors of different traits are randomly and independently rearranged during crossing over
6 F-R GENETICS AND PREDICTIONS Scientists us probability to predict traits in offspring. A Punnett Square organizes information in order to make genetic predictions. B B b Bb Bb
6 F-R Punnett Squares Genotype of parents (Yy x yy) Phenotype of parents (green & yellow) Homozygous Dominant (YY) Homozygous Recessive (yy) Heterozygous (Yy) Genotype of offspring (2 Yy, 2 yy) Phenotype of offspring ( 2 yellow, 2 green)
6 F - R Punnett Squares are used to organize allele information (meiosis) and predict the outcome of the offspring. MONOHYBRID CROSS PUREBRED CROSS DI-HYBRID CROSS
SEX- LINKED TRAITS EX. - HEMOPHILIA
6 F - R NON- MENDELIAN GENETICS INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (WHEN 2 DOMINANT ALLELES BLEND – NEITHER IS DOMINANT OVER THE OTHER) CODOMINANCE (WHEN 2 DOMINANT ALLELES ARE BOTH EXPRESSED)
BLOOD TYPE ALLELES CO-DOMINANCE
6 F - R Predictions and PEDIGREES
6 F-R Linked Genes and Crossing Over Linked Genes are located in the same chromosomes and do not sort independently Chromosomes sometimes cross over during meiosis, resulting in recombination of alleles. CROSSING OVER Leads to Genetic Variation
6 G-S Meiosis Division of the body cells into reproductive cells or _______ gametes haploid cells From diploid cells to ____ 46 Human Diploid # = ____ (body cells) 23 Human Haploid #= ____ (sex cells) Fertilization ____ is when two gametes joined to make a zygote
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
6 H - S HUMAN KARYOTYPE –chart that displays the chromosome pairs of a body cell XY = male XX = female
NON-DISJUNCTION OF CHROMOSOME PAIRS Notice chromosome pair 21 has one extra chromosome known as Trisomy 21. This is caused by Non-disjunction when the homologous chromosome pairs do not separate correctly during Meiosis. The will result in a Genetic disorder called Down Syndrome.
GENOME = the mapping of genes on chromosomes
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