BIOLOGY 067 Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
BIOLOGY 067: Macromolecules
*Carbohydrates *Lipids *Proteins *Nucleic acids
Simple carbohydrates CH 2 OH 6 *Monosaccharide H CH 2 OH O 5 C H C 4 H O H C O H H C C 3 O H 1 O H H OH HO OH 2 H O H C 6 H 12 O 6 CH 2 OH O *Disaccharide O O maltose C 12 H 22 O 11
Complex carbohydrates CH 2 OH O H OH H H O CH 2 OH O H OH H O OH branched nonbranched starch granule cell wall potato cells
Lipids
Structure of fats and oils A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails H H C O OH HO + H C OH C H H C C H H H H H C C H HO C C H H H H H C C C H H H O dehydration reaction O C C H H C OH HO H H H C C C H H O H H H C C C C H H H O H H H C C C hydrolysis reaction O H C H O H H + 3 H 2 O H H H glycerol 3 fatty acids fat molecule 3 water molecules
Types of fats and oils
Steroids H 3 C CH 3 HO a. Cholesterol OH OH CH 3 O HO b. Testosterone c. Estrogen
* Structure of proteins: Acid group Amino group R group
*Amino acids (20 types) H H 3 N+ O O– CH H 3 C CH 2 valine (val) (nonpolar) H H 3 N+ C C O– CH 2 C C H 3 N+ C O CH 2 COO– N+H 3 glutamic acid (glu) (ionized, polar) lysine (lys) (ionized, polar) O C CH 2 H O– H 3 N+ C O CH 2 NH H C O– C –O tryptophan (trp) (nonpolar) O aspartic acid (asp) (ionized, polar) H 3 N+ C CH 2 O C O– SH cysteine (cys) (polar)
Parts of a nucleotide phosphate C P 5' Nucleotide O S 4' 1' 2' 3' sugar nitrogencontaining base
DNA vs RNA:
Specialized Nucleotide: ATP – Adenosine triphosphate ATP = adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups Adenosine ATP P ADP + energy
Organic molecules Subunits Examples Functions CH 2 OH Carbohydrates O H Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides OH Immediate energy and stored energy; structural molecules H H HO OH H OH Glucose H Lipids Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids H O C OH H C OH C HO H H H C C C H H H R Fatty acid H Glycerol Proteins Structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile amino group H 2 N acid group COOH H C R group Long-term energy storage; membrane components Support, metabolic, transport, regulation, motion Amino acid base phosphate C P Nucleic acids DNA, RNA O S Nucleotide Storage of genetic information
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