Biological Sciences 318 Parasitology Lab Arthropod Vectors Kingdom

Biological Sciences 318 - Parasitology Lab Arthropod Vectors

Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa (unranked): Spiralia (unranked): Eucoelomata (unranked): Protostomia Superphylum: Ecdysozoa Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Arachnida Myriapoda Hexapoda Insecta Crustacea

Arthropods Characteristics: 1) highly successful (⅔ of all known organisms are Arthropods) 2) segmented Eucoelomata with exoskeleton (Arthropod Metamerism) 2) Tagmata/Tagmatization (segments grouped into body regions) 3) Molting, Ecdysis (Ecdysozoa) 4) Hemimetabolous (gradual) / holometabolous (complete) 5) Cephalization (highly developed sensory organs) 6) Open circulatory system (hemolymph / hemocoel) 7) Respiratory system (trachea / book lungs) 8) Malpighian tubules / Coxal glands 9) Involved in virtually every kind of parasitic relationship • definitive and intermediate hosts for protozoans, flatworms, nematodes, arthropods • function as vectors (blood-feeding / need for protein for development)

Arthropoda Chelicerata Myriapoda Arachnida Hexapoda Crustacea Insecta • Class Arachnida: • Prosoma (Cephalothroax) – Opisthosoma (Abdomen) • Subclass Acari: Capitulum (head) – Idiosoma • transmit a large number of disease agents (viruses, rickettsia, apicomplexa, nemotodes) • Ticks are pool feeders (once attached to the host, the tick will inject saliva into the wound, which liquidizes the tissues and allows them to suck up the fluid) • Ticks sense CO 2, warmth and movement from animals • Ticks are divided into two families: Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Argasidae (soft ticks).

Arthropoda Chelicerata Myriapoda Hexapoda Crustacea Arachnida Insecta • outnumber all other known animals put together (almost 1 million species described) • Head – Thorax – Abdomen • eyes, antennae, sucking , chewing mouthparts, 2 pairs of wings, 3 pairs of legs • can vector many diseases (mechanical / biological) • Blood-feeding (need for protein), Flexibility in development, Response to host presence +/- low host specificity, can live near or in human dwellings…

Insecta Diptera Hemiptera Mosquitoes, Anophelinae, Sandflies, Blackflies Reduvid bugs or kissing bugs Siphonaptera (Fleas) Mallophaga, Anoplura (Lice)

Learning Objectives 1. Know general characteristics -Know differences between Insecta + Arachnida!!! -What character(s) of some arthropods allows them to be effective vectors? 2. Class Insecta -General characteristics + anatomy 3. Oder Diptera -Tsetse fly: Glossina -Visual id + know parasite and disease association 4. Family Culicidae - Mosquitoes -Parasite and disease association -Life cycle -How can they find their hosts? -Behavioral characteristics that allow them to be effective vectors 5. Family Psychodidae – Sand flies -Parasite and disease association -Visual id 6. Family Simuliidae – Black flies -Habitat -Visual id -Characteristics that make them good vectors -Parasite and disease association 7. Family Tabanidae – Horse flies -Visual id -Parasite and disease association 8. Order Hemiptera -Know general characteristics -mouthparts 9. Rhodnius prolixus -Lifecycle -What habits allows them to be effective vectors? -Why might these habits affect transmission in lower income areas? -How do they find their host? 10. Family Cimicidae - Bed bugs -Why might these insects be good vectors? -Are they vectors? 11. Order Siphonaptera – Fleas -Know they are parasites themselves -Life cycle, host, how do they find their host -What makes them good vectors? -Xenopsylla male and female: visual id -Parasite and disease association -Transmission -Plague cycle 12. Order Mallophaga – Lice -Parasites themselves -How do they attach to host? -Life cycle -Chewing vs. sucking lice -Visual id Pedicularis humanus + Phthirus pubis -Parasite and disease associations -Typhus! 13. Class Arachnida -Know general characteristics of ticks: families, feeding… 14. Order Ixodidae - Ticks -Life cycle -1, 2, 3 – host life cycles -Development -No Rhipicephalus – so know parasite and disease associations etc. 15. Ixodes scapularis -Visual id -3 host life cycle -Parasite and disease association 16. Dermacentor andersoni -3 host tick -Disease and parasite association -Habits -Hosts