Biological Psychological Theories Deviance as Pathology Biological Pathology

Biological & Psychological Theories Deviance as Pathology

Biological Pathology � 1876, Cesare Lombroso: The Criminal Man ◦ "atavistic anomalies" �Phrenology (late 1700 s through mid 1800 s) �Benjamin Rush (1785): disease model of alcoholism �Body Types

Key Elements of Pathological Reasoning � Determinism � Positivism � Organismic Dysfunction/Infection

Body Types � Earnest Hooten

Body Types � William Sheldon

Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) � Endomorph

Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) � Ectomorph

Body Types (Sheldon, cont’d) � Mesomorph

Eugenics � Richard Dugdale ◦ The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity (1877) �Margaret Jukes, “The Mother of Criminals”

Eugenics � Henry � The Goddard Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (1912)

Eugenics & “Feeblemindedness” �Kallikak family tree http: //psychclassics. yorku. ca/Goddard/chart 2. gif

Xyy Syndrome � Xx female � Xy male � Xxy Klinefelter’s syndrome ◦ “Low masculinity” � 1961, Patricia Jacobs ◦ Xyy “Supermale syndrome” � NIMH study: no

Psychological Pathology � Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis ◦ id, ego, superego ◦ developmental stages �Oral �Anal �Phallic

Psychological Pathology � The Psychopath (Sociopath) ◦ Hervey Cleckley, The Mask of Sanity � Problems with psychological explanations ◦ Causal logic �Circularity ◦ Sample ◦ Over-determinism ◦ Little predictive value

Applications: Controlling Deviance � Sterilization ◦ Harry Laughlin (Eugenics Records Office) �Model Eugenical Sterilization Law 1914 ◦ By 1914, 12 states �By 1924, 3, 000 sterilized ". . . At one hearing, Laughlin plastered the walls of the meeting room with photographs taken at Ellis Island. Above the photos hung a banner that read 'Carriers of the Germ Plasm of the Future American Population. '"

Applications ◦ 1924, Virginia: Eugenical Sterilization Act �Carrie Buck (17, single mom) �James Bell (Sup’t, VA State Colony for Epileptics & Feebleminded (to have Buck sterilized) ◦ Arthur Estabrook �Sociologist, Eugenics Record Office ◦ Upheld by Circuit Court ◦ Upheld by Supreme Court �O. W. Holmes �“ 3 generations of imbeciles are enough”

Applications ◦ By 1935: 28 states, 6 pending ◦ Between 1907 -1935: 21, 359 involuntary sterilizations in the U. S. ◦ 1936: Laughlin’s honorary degree �University of Heidelberg �For his work in “the science of racial cleansing”

Applications ◦ 1942: Skinner v. Oklahoma �Chicken thief; armed robbery �To U. S. Supreme Court �William O. Douglas: violates “equal protection” � 14 th amendment �OK law: Can sterilize a chicken thief but not an embezzler ◦ Sterilization cont’d through 1970 s � 60, 000 �Buck v. Bell never overturned

Applications � Psychosurgery ◦ Gottlieb Burckhardt (Switzerland, 1892) ◦ Antonio Moniz (Portugal, 1935)

Applications � Walter Freeman & James Watt (U. S. , 1950) ◦ “Ice-Pick” Lobotomy ◦ 1967 last surgery ◦ Stripped of license

Applications � Freeman performing a lobotomy ◦ Howard Dully’s surgery

Applications � Howard Dully, 2005 ◦ Bus driver in California

Evaluation � Biological & Psychological Pathology ◦ Good Intentions ◦ Ignores choice ◦ Ignores social factors ◦ Dubious claims to moral neutrality