Biological Oceanography Department of Oceanography Pusan National University
Biological Oceanography Department of Oceanography Pusan National University
Phylum Arthropoda (절지동물문) Subphylum Crustacea (갑각아 문)
I. Phylum Arthropoda (절지동물문) A. Gr. arthron, joint + podos, foot B. Ar-throp´o-da C. All habitats (marine, freshwater and terrestrial) D. At least 900, 000 extant (living) species E. Bilateral symmetry F. To 1 m long G. 3 embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
Arthropoda (cont. ) H. Organ system level of organization I. Extracellular digestion in complete gastrovascular system J. Coelom – haemocoel (not lined with mesoderm) K. Excretory system with nephridia in each segment and/or Malpighian tubules L. Open circulatory system with dorsal heart
Arthropoda (cont. ) M. Nervous system varies, based on ganglia at key points 1. Double ventral nerve cord 2. Pair of ganglia in each segment 3. Pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia N. Various sense organs 1. Some have eyes O. Exoskeleton formed by cuticle 1. Cuticle may contain chitin or calcium carbonate
Arthropoda (cont. ) P. Reproduction usually sexual 1. Protostome development 2. Spiral cleavage 3. Various types of development a) some parthenogenetic Q. Marine, freshwater, terrestrial, some ectoparasitic R. Special features: 1. Jointed appendages 2. Metameric body with tagmata 3. Chitin/exoskeleton 4. Social organization 5. Metamorphosis
II. Subphylum Trilobita (삼엽충 아문) A. B. C. D. E. F. Gr. tri - three + lobos, - lobes Tri´loibi´ta Figure 18 -1 p 378. Three longitudinal parts to body, in addition to lateral segmentation almost all marine, benthic all extinct
III. Subphylum Chelicerata (협각아문) A. Gr. chele - claw + keras, - horn B. Ke-lis´e-ra´ta C. Sea spiders, horse shoe crabs, spiders and scolpions D. Non-antennate, body composed of anterior cephalothorax (prosome) and a posterior abdomen (opisthosome) D. 6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs.
F. Classes of Chelicerata 1. Class Arachinida – spiders and scolpions 2. Class Merostomata; Horseshoe crabs 3. Class Pycnononida (바다거미강) ; hard bottom dwellers
Subphylum Madibulata (대악 아문) IV. A. B. C. D. E. L. crusta - shell Crus-ta´she-a Figures 19 -1 to 19 -29 pp. 390 -406 30, 000+ species variable numbers of appendages 1. 2 pair antennae (더듬이) 2. 1 pair mandibles (대악) 3. 2 pair maxillae (소악) 4. various numbers of walking/swimming appendages 5. Biramous (이분지형)
Arthropoda - Sub. Phylum Crustacea (cont. ) F. tendency towards fewer segments 1. crabs advanced G. blood with hemocyanin (copper) or hemoglobin H. usually dioecious 1. barnacles monecious; hermaphorodite 2. some (ostracods) with parthenogenesis I. All feeding types J. Most marine, some freshwater, few terrestrial
Arthropoda - Sub. Phylum Crustacea (cont. ) Common Features of Crustacean (갑각류) • Every crustacean has mandibles (턱) • 2 Pairs of Maxillae (head appendage) (소악) • hemocoel (circulatory cavity) • Excretory organ – antennal or maxillary glands • Respiration by gills or dermal respiration • Usually 2 pairs of antennae • Copulation common – usually internal fertilization • Common larvae – nauplius • Female usually carries eggs • Head and thorax merged – Cephalothorax • Relatively well developed endocrinal system • 31, 312 species known (until 1980)
Growth of Crustacean • Molt cycle – molting=ecdysis, shed, exoskeleton=exuvium • Under control of hormons located in or near eyestalks or in head region • In eyestalks, have series of small organs with neurosecretory cells – affect molting and color change • Molt – accelerating and molt – inhibiting hormones, act on Y-organ • Y-organ produces ecdysene, molting hormone, can be inhibited by hormone from sinus gland of eyestalk • Small animal more frequently molt than larger one • Repair of injuries during molt – regeneration during intermolt, autotomy – can break off limbs at certain places wound sealed by muscles – limbs generates in 1 to 2 molts
K. Classes of Crustacea 1. Cephalocarida (두판류) a) Primitive form b) 9 species, marine 2. Remipedia (요지류) a) Primitive, 10 sp. , marine caves 3. Branchiopoda (새각류) a) Primitive b) 4 orders (1) fairy and brine shrimp (알티미아) (2) tadpole shrimp (3) clam shrimp (4) water fleas c) mostly freshwater
Brine Shrimps (Artemia) http: //www. msj. edu/davisr/bio 115/brinesch. htm http: //ut. water. usgs. gov/shrimp/ http: //users. northnet. com. au/~cycen/artemiainfo. html http: //www. teachfish. org/New. Files/livefood. htm
Daphnia - the Water Flea
Classes of Crustacea (cont. ) 4. Maxillopoda a) Various groups, different today but with common ancestor b) Subclass Ostracoda c) Subclass Copepoda (1) (2) (3) Important in zooplankton Some parasitic Indirect development d) Subclass Branchiura e) Subclass Cirripedia (barnacles) (1) Sacculina (crab parasites)
Subclass Ostracoda • 2000 species • bivalved carapace (calcium carbonate) • sexual dimorphism • 1 – 3 pairs of appendage • Marine habitat- benthic, planktonic, some commensalism • Some freshwater species does parthenogenesis, producing resistant eggs
• Marine/freshwater • 7500 species known • Short, cylindrical shape • Only naupliar eye present • Long first antennae and small second antennae • Mostly planktonic (Order Calanoida) • Some are parasitic to fishes and other marine animals • Benthic copepod – harpacticoida – important fish food in aquaculture in some case
Class Cirripedia (따개비, 만각류) • All living in marine • Two types of barnacle; with stalk or without stalk • Filter feeder and some of them are parasite or commensal in sponges • Mostly sessile with few free living
Classes of Crustacea (cont. ) New Classification of Crustacean • Phylum Arthropoda (절지동물문), Subphylum Crustacea (갑각아문), class Cephalocarida, Remipedia, Branchiopoda • Class Maxillipoda; small number of trunk segment, 6 thorax + 4 abdominal, telson often present, maxillae important in feeding as food gathering structures. • Subclass Mystacocarida, Tantulocarida, Copepoda, Branchiura • Class Malacostraca; ¾ of all known crustaceans belong to this group • Trunk of 14 segment + telson (꼬리) • 8 Thoracic segment, 6 abdomen and most of all segments bear appendates • Female gonopores on 6 th thoracic segment, male on 8 th • 1 st antennae often biramus and 2 nd antennae has scale, paired compound eye • Mandible has molar and incisor process, often has palp • Gills are called pleurobranchs – modified as epipods • Pleopods usually similar in shape • Uropod and telson form tail fan • Hepatopancrease present
Order Stomatopoda (구각목) • Mantis shrimp (갯가재) • 350 spp known • Carapace flat, fused with 1, 2 thoracic somites • Gills on pleopods • Burrows on mud or sand bottoms • Predatory, locate prey by sight • Shrimp, fishes are prey • Copulation – female has seminal receptacles – egg produced in mass, agglutinated into mass by glands, female guards and turns eggs • Egg hatches as zoea
Order Mysidacea (곤쟁이류) • mysid shrimp or opossum shrimp • With rostrum, compound eyes on stalk • Pleopods reduced or long in male, short in female • Epimorphic larvae – resemble small adult without oostegite • Suspension feeders, or some scavenge or eat small prey. • Many of them forms school, common in brackish water, few are in freshwater • ex) Mysis – 곤쟁이 • ex) Neomysis
Order Isopoda (등각목) • • • • 400 living species known Dorso-ventrally flatted body Head shield shape No carapace and abdominal segment may be fused] 1 st antennae short, uniramus, 2 nd antenna well developed and uniramus Branches of pleopods used in swimming and respiration 1 st pair of pleopods may form operculum Uropod may be form operculum In terrestrial form, gill have operculum Scavengers, omnivores, algae eaters or parasites Male has genital openings on 8 th thoracic segment, often has papillae Femal produces 30 to 50 eggs, hatch as “manca” Ex) Ligia exotica – intertidal isopod
Terrestrial Sowbug - Isopoda
Aquatic Isopod - Assellus
Ligia exotica 갯강구
Order Amphipoda (단각류, 옆새우류) • No carapace, 1 st and 2 nd thoracic segments are fused, 1 pair of maxillepeds • Eye sessile, abdomen not clearly separated from thorax • Body laterally compressed • 3 anteriro pleopods, 3 posterior uropods • Gills and heart in thorax, 1 st and 2 nd antennae uniramus • 2 nd and 3 rd thoracic appendates subchelate, “ganthopods” • Seawater, freshwater and terrestrial – beach lice – terrestrial gammaridian amphipods • 3 Major suborders • Suborder Gammaridae (옆새우류) • Suborder Hyperiidea (planktonic) • Suborder Caprellidea (대벌레류)
Subclass: Eumalacostraca • No bivalved carapace or 7 th abdominal segment, do not have 5 pair of subchelate thorcopods • Many of them are shrimp-like • Eucarida means “true shrimp” • Carapace fused to thoracic somites, covers cephalothorax • No brood pouch, no manca • Crabs, shrimps, krills
Order Euphausiacea (난바다곤쟁이류) • Known as krill, pelagic, marine, gills are not tightly enclosed in carapace. • Thoracopods have exopods called shizopods and pleopods well developed for swimming • female gonopores on coxae of 6 th thoracopods, male has copulatory structure on 1 st and 2 nd pleopods, sperm transferred in spermatophore – hatches as non feeding mauplius • Some of them are luminecent, have photopores • Suspension feeders, usually offshore, live in swarms, feed items for baleen whales in Antarctic Ocean.
Order Decapoda (십각목) • Crabs, hermit crabs (집게), Shrimps, Lobsters (닭새우류), Crayfish (가제), • Carapace with branchial chambers (=branchiostegites) • 5 pairs of pereopods (걷는다리), often uniramus • Can have series of 4 gills per somites of thorax • Mouth: 2 nd maxillae has scaphognathite (=gill bailer), 1 st maxillae small • Exopods of maxillipeds have flagella, beat with respiratory current • 3 types of gills - 1) Peneids and relatives (shrimp); dentrobranchiate (樹狀鰓) 2) Stenopodids (해로새우류); trichobranchiate (絲狀鰓) 3) Other decapods; phyllobrancihate (葉狀鰓)
• Taxonomy of Decapod • According to the old system, they are 1) Suborder Natantia (all shrimps) and 2) Suborder Reptantia (Macrura, Anomura, Brachyura) • New Classification, 1) Dendrobranchiata (dendroid gills, pereopods chelate, female doesn’t carry eggs, egg hatches as nauplius 2) Suborder Pleocymata (all other gill types, at most only 1 st and 2 nd pereopods chelate, female carries eggs, hatch as protozoea or zoea)
Decapod Larvae - Mysis Decapod Larvae - Megalopa
• Larval Development of Decapods
Systematics of Decapoda • Suborder Dendrobranchiata (수상새아목); • ex) Penaeus japonicus (보리새우) • ex) Penaeus orentalis (대하) • Suborder Pleocyemata (범배아목) 해로새우 하목( Stenopodidea) 생이하목(Caridea); ex, 딱총새우 (Alpheus brevicristatus), 도화새우 (Pandalus hypsinotus), 가재하목 (Astacidea); ex, 가재 (Cambaroides similis) 닭새우하목 (Palinura); ex, 닭새우, Panulirus japonicus, 부채새우, Ibacus cliatus, 꼬 마매미새우, Scyllarus kitanoviriosus 이미하목 (Anomura); ex, 쏙, Upagebia major, 왕게, Paralithodes camtchaticus 단미하목 (Brachyura);
• Some important crabs and shrimps • 꽃게 (Portunus trituberculatus) • 참게 (Eriocheir sinensis) • 동남참게 (Eriocheir japonica) • 대게 (Chionoecetes opilio) • 홍게 (Chionoecetes japonicus) • 닭새우 (Panulirus japonicus) • 대하 (Penaeus chinensis), 보리새우 (Penaeus japonicus) • 새뱅이 (Caridina denticulata), 토하 • 펄닭새우 (Linuparus trigonus) • 부채새우 (Ibacus ciliatus) • 매미새우 (Scyllarides haanii) • 꼬마매미새우 (Scyllarus kitanoviriosus)
꽃게 (Portunus trituberculatus)
참게 (Eriocheir sinensis), Chinese mitten crabs
• 대게 (Chionoecetes opilio) snow crab, or Alaskan king crab
닭새우 (Panulirus japonicus) spiny lobster
대하 (Penaeus chinensis),
• 보리새우 (Penaeus japonicus)
새뱅이 (Caridina denticulata), 토하
• 펄닭새우 (Linuparus trigonus)
부채새우 (Ibacus ciliatus)
매미새우 (Scyllarides haanii) Slipper lobster
부채새우 (Ibacus ciliatus)
Berger’s Fiddler Crab
Crayfish
Phylum Echinodermata (극피동물문)
Phylum ; Echinodermata (spiny skin) 1) Calcareons ossicles (all echinoderms have), spines & tubercles very common 2) Pentamerous radial symmetry (bilaternal in larval form) 3) Exclusively in salt water, usually benthic 4) Fossil to lower Cambrain 5) Large coelom, "No excretory" system 6) Osmoconformer ; osmoregulation poor 7) Mostly separate sexes, external fertilization, larvae ciliated, bilateral symmetry 8) Larvae have subdivided coelom 9) Vascular system ; found only in ephinodermata 10) Ampulla contracts
11) in tube front → exert pressure, valve closes off access to radial canal 12) Tube foot muscle contract back to ampulla 13) Polian vesicles by ring → canal - hold fluid reserves 14) Hemal system ; runs parallel to - vascular system, set of small tubes 15) near stone canal, axial organ is present - pulses → transport cells, may be hormone 16) Most circulation in perivisceral coelom 17) Nerve net, nerve ring & radial nerves present 18) Chemosensory tube feet, eye spots 19) Mouth & anus present, digestive tract varies 20) Early echinoderms were mostly stalked suspension feeders, fed oral side up * Oldest ; Class Eocrinoidea, lower cambrain → stalked or not → sessile, theca present → 5 ambulacra & 5 -many brachioles (silender arms) 21) Great diversification of early stalked or sessile forms → many fossils
Class ; Crinoidea (바다나리 강); → crown + stalk (can be absent) 1) Crown contains central mouth, surrounded by tegment, 5 ambulacral grooves 2) Anus on cone → feed oral side up (common in fossil forms) 3) Arms jointed, flexible(coiled) → ligaments bind ossicles of arms & stalk 4) Arms have pinnules(spine-like projection), tube feet present 5) Margins of ambu. grooves have flaps(=lappets) 6) Can bend, flex & extend → move according to current 7) Stalkless spp. swim & crawl → crawl by cirri 8) All of them are suspension feeder! → orient into current, use arms, pinnules & tube feet as net, Tube feet have mucus, catch plankton 10) Food conveyed to mouth via ambulacral grooves, to esophagus & intestine
11) Wastes out anus, dropped off tegmen 12) Relationship between # of arms & length of tube fat & local food supply 13) No madroporite ; simple nerve system, Photosensitive & nocturnal 15) Good regeneration 16) Separate sexes, no distinct gonads → produce gametes in genital canal (part of coelom) → Rupture walls of pinnules, external fertilization ☆ Some Antarctic spp brood 17) Larvae → "Vitellaria", settles-forms stalk, lost later in stalkless spp. ― 2 forms ― stalked ones ; sea lilies 3 extinct subclasses in Paleozoic ; 100 -500 millions ago a) Very diverse → ossicles, calyx shape & cirri varied b) Some were very large(~ 2 m), some were recumberent c) Decline due to predators? (may be fish) → bony fish, or may be decapod crutacea → may be predator pressure or competition
Class ; Stelleroidea ; star-shaped echinoderms, sea star, brittle star Subclass(=class) Asteroidea (불가사리 아강); common starfishes 1) Pentamerous, 5 or more arms 2) Can be webbed or fused 3) Arms not sharply set off from disk → lower(=oral) surface has mouth, ambulacral groove with tube feet 4) Arms often have marginal spines, may also have aboral spines or knobs 5) Sensory tube feet and pigmental spots at tips of arms 6) Can have plates on arms 7) Some have pedicellariae → tiny pincers used in feeding or cleaning 8) Large madreporite → "Typical" vascular system 9) Ring canal(= ring) has 4~ 5 pairs of pouches → Tidemann's bodies, produce coelomic fluid
10) Also have sacs-polian vesicles, maintain pressure 11) Skeleton of ossicles 12) Good muscles → can right themselves 13) Simple nerves, phagocytic coelomocytes → accumulate wastes, move to small sacs (=papulae) 14) Cell pinch off to outside, gas exchange & waste removal also possible by diffusion 15) Have hemal system → distribution of nutrients? 16) Good regeneration → ex) Asteries ; 1/5 disk terms → new starfish * Reproduction 17) Separate sexes ; gonads in armsm gametes pass out gonopores, usually external fertilization (broadcasters) 18) Release pheromone → mass spawning, once yearly 19) Some brood eggs → polar spp. 20) Bipinnaria & brachiolaria larval stages, drastic metamorphosis 21) Live to over 30 years 22) Size ; small to 1 m across ex) Pychopodia helianthoides → the largest
* Feeding a) Direct uptake of amino acids possible b) Mouth + membrane, esophagus, cardiac + pyloric stomach, pyloric ceca; digestive in arms ex) Luidia, Astropecten (in Texas) → swallow prey shole. mollusc & echinoderms → cast out shells later ex) Pisaster → Asterias ; predatory → locate prey by touch & chemosensation → grab prey & hold tightly → when shell of prey(mollusks, barnucle) gapes as little o. 1 mm, insert stomach, digest. * scallops & some gastropods covered by sponges → "fool starfishes" → starfish chemically recognised them as sponge(non-visual) ex) Pisaster brevispinus → can evert stomach down hole 0. 3 mm * Predators on starfish ; spider crabs, some mollusks, shrimp(tropical) * defensive mechanism against predator → ex) Pteraster (Northern Europe) preduce mucus if disturbed commensal polychaetes, shrimp, parasitic copepods.
Subclass ; Ophiuroidea ; brittle stars 1) Arms set off from disk, internal anatomy compact, no ambulaccal grooves. 2) About 2000 spp. common in deep sea 3) Aboral surface have plates(=shields), spines 4) Oral surface of disk has jaws - can bear teeth or papillae 5) Arms with 2 rows of lateral shields ; 1 row aboral shield & 1 row oral sheild 6) Spines may be present 7) Tube feet between oral & lateral shields 8) No pedicellariae or papulae 9) Ossicles in arms, but arms can bend 10) Move by "rowing"
11) Many can burrow 12) Oral madreporite → no ampullae 13) Gas exchange by means of sacs(bursae) → also serve in waste removal 14) Simple nerves → sensitive to light 15) Good burst into bursae 16) Usually have separate sexes ; some hermaphoroditic individual reported. 17) Gonad burst into bursae 18) External fertilization or brooding → Ophiopluteus larvae (feeding type) 20) Jaws, prebuccal cavity with peristomial membrane, mouth, esophagus, and stomach 21) No intestine or anus 22) Suspension feeding by tube feet → deposit feeding common
Class Echinoidea (성게강); sea urchins, sand dollars, heart urchins • No arms on the body; movable spines that cover on the body • Shape circular or oval • Flattening and suturing together of the skeletal ossicles into a solid case • Two types of sea urchin; regular (정형) and irregular (부정형) • Regular urchins; common spiny sea urchins • Irregular urchins; san dollar, heart urchins • Most regular urchins are rather herbivors or omnibores; living on rocky or farm substrate • Most irregular urchins are deposit or detritus feeders; feeding on sediments and mostly soft bottom dwellers or burrowers
Phylum Echinodermata (극피동물문)
Class Holothuroidea (해삼강) • “Sea cucumber” Cylindrical body, oral/aboral axis is greatly elongated • Skeleton of microscopic ossicles, tentacular buccal podia • Secondary bilateral symmetry, the ventral ambulacra in bilateral forms have well-developed podia; the dorsal ambulacra have reduced podia • Some of them are bottom surface dwellers, some live beneath stones, or a few burrows sand or mud bottom • The podia are used for crawling and gripping the substratum. • Deposit feeders; mucus-covered tentacular surface traps particles when swept across the bottom or held in the water. Collected materials is removed by the sucking action of the pharynx. • Water-vascular system is peculiar only in having the madreporite in the perivisceral coelom and coelomic pores through the wall of the cloaca • Larvae; auricularia lavae, metamorphosis occurs prior to settling.
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