Biological Molecules DNA RNA main functions of DNA

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA main functions of DNA (deoxribonucleic acid): 1. makes up chromosomes and genes (section of DNA that codes for a specific protein) 2. controls all cell activities including cell division and protein synthesis 3. undergoes mutations which are important to process of evolution main functions of RNA (ribonucleic acid): *works with DNA to direct protein synthesis 1

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA Nucleotide: 5 -carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), (monomer) phosphate, nitrogen-containing base (1 ring = pyrimidine, 2 rings = purine) 2

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA DNA sugar: deoxyribose RNA sugar: ribose 3

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA DNA Nitrogenous bases: adenine purines guanine thymine cytosine pyrimidines RNA Nitrogenous bases: uracil replaces thymine 4

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA complementary base pairing: *hydrogen bonding adenine thymine (uracil) 2 bonds guanine cytosine 3 bonds 5

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA DNA Structure: - 2 antiparallel strands of nucleic acids in nucleus - each strand has a backbone of sugars + phosphates of joined nucleotides - bases stick out, hydrogen-bond with complementary bases of other strand - 2 strands wind around each other forming double helix 6

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA Structure: - single strand of nucleic acid, formed off a DNA template in nucleus - migrates to cytoplasm during protein synthesis 7

Biological Molecules – DNA & RNA ATP: adenosine triphosphate - nucleotide used as primary carrier of energy in cells - adenine base + ribose + 3 phosphates - bond between outer 2 phosphates very high in energy: when broken, much energy released, can be used by cell (e. g. muscle contraction) - bond between 1 st/2 nd phosphate also high in energy, not as high as between 2 end phosphates - ATP mostly produced inside mitochondria during process of cellular respiration high energy phosphate bonds 8