Biological Magnification Biological Magnification organisms that are higher

Biological Magnification

Biological Magnification = organisms that are higher in the food chain will obtain/retain more pesticides/ chemicals. What happens to the amount of chemicals in an organism if the chemicals do not leave the body? • They build up in the organism (increase).

• As you move up a food chain, energy will decrease because it is being used. • As you move up a food chain, pesticides will increase because it is not used (stays in the body)

On the pyramid and food chain, identify: - where there is more energy - where there is less energy - where there is more and less pesticide Less Energy More Pesticide Less Energy Less Pesticide More Energy

Abiotic Cyles • Nonliving components of an ecosystem cycle through the environment • Nitrogen, Water, Carbon and Oxygen • All of these are crucial to all living things!

• Biotic – Living – Ex). animals, plants, bacteria • Abitotic – Non-living – Ex). Water, soil

Cycle • Each cycle has two parts: 1). Living 2). Non-living – Elements are crucial for life and must cycle through the environment. – Cycles of elements are ABIOTIC

The Water Cycle

• What would happen to the water cycle if all the trees in the rainforest were cut down? • It would not rain as often because the water would stay in the soil since transpiration would not occur.

Oxygen Cycle

• What would happen to the oxygen cycle of trees were cut down? • Less atmospheric oxygen available for respiration • Remember trees and plants convert CO 2 to O 2 which is what animals use for respiration

Nitrogen Cycle • a. Nitrogen is an important component of proteins. Elements= C, H, O, N. Also a component of nucleic acids. Elements = C, H, O, N, P. • b. The nitrogen found in the air is in a form that some living things cannot use.

• c. Use the picture to determine how we get nitrogen in a form that living things can use.

– i. Nitrogen fixing bacteria convert nitrogen into that usable form. **Plants will then take in the nitrogen that the bacteria converted. • d. Use the picture to determine how animals obtain this usable form of nitrogen.

– i. animals eat plants and therefore obtain nitrogen. • e. Use the picture; determine how nitrogen is replaced in the soil. • i. Animals put nitrogen back into the soil when they die. (when they are decomposed)

Question • What would happen to the Nitrogen Cycle if nitrogen-fixing bacteria decreased? • Less nitrogen would be converted and brought back into the soil – Less nitrogen to plants

Carbon Cyle

a. Use the picture to determine the following: § i. Where do plants get their carbon? The air What form is that carbon in? CO 2

a. Use the picture to determine the following: § ii. How do animals obtain carbon? They eat other things (plants or animals)

a. Use the picture to determine the following: § iii. How is carbon replenished (put back) in the soil? Dead things are decomposed.

§ Why is burning fossil fuels contributing to global warming? § CO 2 is a greenhouse gas and retains more heat in the environment

Symbiosis § Any relationship in which 2 species live CLOSELY together.

Three types of Symbiosis § 1. Mutualism—a relationship in which BOTH species BENEFIT from the relationship § 2. Commensalism—a relationship in which one species BENEFITS from the relationship and the other is not helped or harmed. § 3. Parasitism—a relationship in which one organism lives IN or ON another and HARMS it.

Which type of symbiosis are these symbols representing? Commensalism Mutualism Parasitism

Mutualism § Both Species benefit.

Commensalism § One benefits and the other is not affected Remora Fish and Shark

Parasitism § One benefits and the other is harmed

Examples: § A flea feeds on the blood of a cat or dog § Parasitism

§ Aphids and ants live together. The ants care for the aphids and protect them. The aphids produce a sweet liquid that the ants drink. § Mutualism

§ Barnacles stick to the surface of whales. They benefit by finding a habitat on the whale where nutrients are available. The whales are neither hurt nor are they helped by this relationship. § Commensalism

§ Many birds build their nests in trees. This provides the birds with shelter and the tree is neither benefited nor harmed by this relationship. § Commensalism

Non-Symbiotic Relationship § Predation—an interaction in which one organism HUNTS/KILLS and FEEDS on another organism. § The organism that does the killing and eating is the PREDATOR. § The organism that gets eaten is the PREY.

A lion eating a zebra! Predator = Lion Prey = Zebra

Communities • A Community is a group of organisms that live in a particular place and interact. • The place they live in is their habitat • Together, these 2 things are called an ecosystem

• Within a community different species have different roles. The role an organism plays in its ecosystem is called its niche • (this includes: diet, reproduction, time of activity, trophic level) • Example: Plant= Producer, needs light and soil, does photosynthesis

The Effect of Resources to a Community • All organisms need resources to survive: • Plants: water, soil, carbon dioxide (CO 2) and shelter • Animals: water, food, oxygen (O 2), and shelter

Types of Resources • Resources can be renewable or nonrenewable • Renewable Resource- Replaceable • Ex: Water, Trees • Non-Renewable Resource- Can’t be replaced • Ex: Fossil Fuels, Species, Fresh Water

• Often there is a limited supply of resources • A limited supply of resources can lead to competition among organisms.

Competition: The fight for resources • Competition- occurs when 2 organisms need the same resources in the same place at the same time

• Competition can occur among a species or between multiple species. • Ex) • Bighorn sheep compete for a mate • Lion and hyena fight over food

Results of Competition What will happen if 2 species use exactly the same resource in the same way? • 1. One species will dominate and the others will die off. • Ex) Overgrazing by 200 million rabbits, for example, is endangering the small bettongs (which look rather like small primitive kangaroos)

Results of Competition What will happen if 2 species use exactly the same resource in the same way? • 2. One species will adapt to use the resource differently or use another resource. • Ex) 2 bird species use the same tree for food and shelter but one lives near the top of the tree and the other lives near the bottom of the tree

• If resources increase, competition will • decrease • If resources decrease, competition will • increase

Summary • Can 2 species occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time? Why? • No because they would compete for the same resources.

Remembering Populations • Population- group of organisms of the same species living together in the same area during a specific time • Habitat- environment in which an organism lives (address) • Niche- role of an organism within an ecosystem (occupation/job)

Carrying Capacity • Carrying Capacity- the largest number of individuals an environment can support • Carrying Capacity changes when there is an increase or decrease in the number of organisms in an environment

Things that can change carrying capacity: • • Natural Disasters (ex. Drought, fire) Increase in number of deaths Increase in number of births Movement of individuals into the population (immigration) • Movement of individuals out of the population (emigration)

• What will happen to carrying capacity if a population was faced with a drought? • Carrying Capacity will DECREASE

• What will happen to carrying capacity if producers were removed form the population? • Carrying Capacity will DECREASE

• What will happen to carrying capacity if a predator was removed from the population? • Carrying Capacity would initially increase until the prey had depleted (used) all of their resources.