Biological Chemistry Macromolecules Large organic molecules Basic Structure

Biological Chemistry

Macromolecules Large organic molecules Basic Structure POLYMERIZATION!

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates Monomers are called monosaccharides Primarily made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Only ratio: 1 C: 2 H: 1 O ◦ C 6 H 12 O 6

Monosaccharides Glucose ◦ 3 isomers

6 5 4 1 3 2

Disaccharides (dimer) Formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

Disaccharides (dimer) Maltose = glucose + glucose ◦ malt sugar

Disaccharides (dimer) Sucrose = glucose + fructose ◦ table sugar 1 2

Disaccharides (dimer) Lactose = glucose + galactose ◦ milk sugar

Polysaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides

Polysaccharides Cellulose: long, unbranched ◦ structural material in plants wood! Cannot be digested by humans, but important in “regularity” by stimulating mucus production in intestines

Polysaccharides Starch ◦ may be branched ◦ Food storage in plants Think of potatoes, rice, etc.

Polysaccharides Glycogen ◦ similar to starch, but HIGHLY branched ◦ Food storage in animals

Polysaccharides

Lipids

Lipids Nonpolar Examples ◦ Oils ◦ Fats Vital Cholesterol components in cell membranes Can form waterproof coatings on leaves, wool, and feathers

Fatty Acids Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end Charged end is hydrophilic Nonpolar end is hydrophobic

“micelle”

Fatty Acids Saturated Fat (solid @ room temp) ◦ Full of hydrogen ◦ No double bonds within hydrocarbon chain ◦ Symmetric can pack more of these in a smaller area (bad fat!) Butter, lard, shortening

Fatty Acids Saturated Fat (solid @ room temp) ◦ Too much of this type can increase risk of heart disease

Fatty Acids Unsaturated Fat (liquid @ room temp) ◦ Not full of hydrogen ◦ Double bonds kinks “good” fats oils

Triglycerides (Fats) 3 fatty acids +glycerol Formed by condensation ◦ 3 H 2 O molecules can form from the formation of a fat molecule.

Phospholipids Structural molecules contribute to shape of cell

Steroids 4 ring structure Make up hormones ◦ Testosterone ◦ Progesterone ◦ Cholesterol