Biological Basis of Behavior Psych 4060 Drugs and
Biological Basis of Behavior Psych 4060 Drugs and Behavior Adapted from Sepolsky R. M. (2017) Behave. Penguin Books, New York, NY. Behave Sepolsky 1
Behavior • No sense to distinguish between aspects of behavior that are biological and those that are psychological or cultural. They are intertwined. The brain is the organ of behavior. The brain is the final common pathway. Behave Sepolsky 2
The brain – three layers • Layer 1 An ancient part of the brain, at the base found in geckos to humans. Mediates automatic, regulatory functional domains. • If the body temperature drops, this brain region senses it and commands muscles to shiver. If the blood glucose levels plummet that sensed here generating hunger. If an injury occurs, a different loop initiates a stress response. • Layer two A more recently evolved region that has expanded in mammals. Maclean conceptualizes this layer as being about emotions, a mammalian invention. If you se something gruesome and terrifying, this layer sends commands down to ancient layer 1. making you shiver with emotion. If you’re feeling sadly unloved, regions prompt layer 1 to generate a craving for comfort food. If you’re a rodent and smell a cat you generate a stress responses. Behave Sepolsky 3
Brain • Layer 3: This recently evolved layer of neocortex sitting on the upper surface of the brin. Proportionately, primates devote more of their brain to this layer than do other species. Cognition, memory storage, sensory processing, abstraction, philosophy, navel contemplation, Read a scary passage of a book and layer 3 signals layer 2 to make you feel frightened prompting layher 1 to initiate shivering, See an add for Oreos and feel a craving – layer 3 influences 1, and 2. Behave Sepolsky 4
GCC • Glucocorticoids equals anterior inflammatory changes, but domains where glucocorticoids worsen as they are pro-inflammatory • Cytokines inhibit NFK transporter in the hippocampus = oxidative damage Behave Sepolsky 5
Before the Behavior: Stress • Stress - The stress hormone, GCC, endocrine cascade produces a different world due to slow accumulation of chronic disease. • Westermyer diagnosis – different from ancestors – now drive cardiovascular disease, diabetes, etc. Behave Sepolsky 6
Before the Behavior • Central – What is the Psych Makeup – When unloved uncarbohydrate produces neurotoxicity. • TCC – if stressed, mobilized energy. Increased cardio oxygen and muscle activity • Stress turns off long-term building projects such as ovulation, homeostasis and decreases growth and decreases sexual capacity, but you do think more clearly. • Decreases LT memory, reverse dendrite process, neurotoxic – inhibit neurogenesis – exacerbate damage to hippocampus- exacerbates the toxicity of all neurological toxic results – symptoms in hypothalamus include changes in insulin level. Behave Sepolsky 7
Before the Behavior • Estrogen is protective. Growth hormone is more fragile. Behave Sepolsky 8
Before the Behavior • An example is sustained stress produces Cushings = increase in GCC, decrease in memory and hippocampal atrophy • PTSD produces atrophy of hippocampus, increase in size of amygdala • Depression elevates GCC by atrophy of the hippocampus without a return to previous level • Steroid dementia especially in inflammatory diseases, stroke, GCC decreases outcome • Secretions a cardiac arrest and neurodisasters Behave Sepolsky 9
Before the Behavior • Adrenalectomy makes less damage • Gene therapy strategies – brain neurotropic virus to deliver the genes want to overexpress the gene • Glucose transporter – cell metabolism increased • Fewer dead neurons • Have four hours to correct Behave Sepolsky 10
One Second Before Behavior • What went on in the brain seconds to minutes after we behave “What environmental concerns? ” Behave Sepolsky 11
One Second Before • Sensory information – eyes cheat less/cod liver taste punitive • Question – smell is more conservative • Sit in the chair job applicant rigid • Parole Board – n of 5, 000 predicted by the number of hours since the parole board ate a meal • Glucose level line PFC requires increase in glucose. • People PET Scan – face of a different race seen in 1/10 of a second for culture issues with different baseball hats categorized subjective opinion Behave Sepolsky 12
Hours to Days Before • What hormones sensitized him to those stimuli. Testosterone does not exaggerate pre-existing conditions. A>B>C>D reward aggression • Oxytocin does not = pair bonding, but does promote social behavior • Runaway trolly task • Oxytocin promotes prosocial for people like us/xenophobic to others Behave Sepolsky 13
Weeks to Months Before by spatial learning (cab driver). Hippocampus atrophy by stress, depression, PTSD Learning an instrument expands the cortex associated with that sound. ALS signer reroutes the eyes to the auditory cortex. Rewire braille fingertips to visual cortex. • Juggling expands the motor cortex that codes for hands • • Neuroplasticity. The brain has enormous potential for neuroplasticity • Limits no practice can make a Yo Yo Ma, nor recovery from certain neurological injuries. • • Behave Sepolsky 14
Weeks to Months Before the Behavior • Neuroplasticity is value free. The brain can change to make you a saint or a villain Behave Sepolsky 15
Back to Adolescence • Dopamine is full blast by CA 11 -12. • PFC is half-baked until CA 25. Unit then it is impulse and sensation seeking. Therefore, adolescence has DA maturity and PFC immaturity. • Frontal is the last to mature (it’s the least determined by genes and the most by experience). • Delayed frontal cortical maturation produces a failed rational experience. Behave Sepolsky 16
Back to Childhood • How did ELA change brain gene expression? • Childhood Matters • Epigenetics is the change in the regulation of the genes when activated. • If succorent there is less stress level that is passed on to the child. • If stressed, there is an increase in stress through the amygdala which becomes larger and the child becomes more impulsive and less able to control himself. Behave Sepolsky 17
Back to Fertilized Egg • What do genes code for those hormones and neurotransmitters – genes know nothing. They do not regulate themselves. • If a cell decreases energy, it alters the gene – makes more GCC. Therefore change in genes regulated by different environments. Behave Sepolsky 18
Decades to Millenia • Culture is shaped by what ecosystem Behave Sepolsky 19
Decades to Millenia • Desert dwellers are monotheistic – afterlife – hierarchical warrior – aggressive • Rain forest dwells are polytheistic – no afterlife – egalitarian without classes • Stable groups or hunter/gatherers produce megalopolis. They are indifferent to gods and moralizing gods. • Pastoralists cultures produce honor retribution which includes violence, honor killings, clan warfare • Collectivists produce longer nursing qualities. Different ecosystem produces different living produces different system produces different culture. Behave Sepolsky 20
Decades to Millennia • Within seconds the culture shapes the purpose of life intrinsic, beautiful. What happens when we die to where our eyes track? Behave Sepolsky 21
Brains, Genes, Cultures Co-Evolve Epilepsy, dyslexia, schizophrenia, Between them and disease Not much difference between us and our disease Huntington’s chorea evolutionary advantage Tourette’s streptococci. Fever and then explode tics and obsessions. The blood brain barrier allows the immune system not supposed to happen by attacking the brain. • OCD antibodies against constituents in blood with fevers in childhood. • Toxoplasmosis rats and cats and disease • • • Behave Sepolsky 22
Millions of years • Individual selection - Selfish gene • Kin selection bequeath an inheritance • Cooperate reciprocal relations: prisoner dilemma Behave Sepolsky 23
One second to one Millennium • • • Individual selection extinction Swedes Kin in blended families Reciprocal hold for others Behavior one second to one millennium The expression or over expression of genes Estrogen is neuroprotective and appears beneficial It transduces into brain (BD, F) Estrogen induced. Hippocampus mindless memory Amygdala fear and anxiety to be blocked- chronic stress increases its size. Behave Sepolsky 24
Psychological Trait • Psychological generation of society • – Psych stress if fear no outlet, no control, that if it is getting worse and another support is not available produces violence and the threat of violence • – grinding stress produces coalition including change in sides Behave Sepolsky 25
Personality Variables Developed that Determine Behavior • Stable long-term trait that differs in personality • tell the difference in threat • produces type A, • abdication produces an increase in GCC • tell if won or lost, • stress of self increases GCC coping decreases GCC, • social isolation always increases GCC Behave Sepolsky 26
Neurobiological • Brain is the single common pathway • Amygdala • Insula • Fornix fusiform • Cingulate cortex • Frontal cortex • Hormone Behave Sepolsky 27
Environment • Ecosystem, culture • Culture Honor (pastoralist retribution, violence, increase action, honor killing. Increase act of clans. • vs collectivist (longer nursing) • Across species Behave Sepolsky 28
Examples • Change same neurons, same chemistry, biology, • Newton • Sengi Abey hugging man who survived Perl Harbor. • World war one xmas truce • My Lai massacre helicopter 350 dead raped and Hugh Thompson Behave Sepolsky 29
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