BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II Materi

BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II. Materi Genetik Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA III. Ekspresi Gena Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi IV. Pertumbuhan Sel Eukariot Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel V. Transformasi Genetik Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus

III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Lodish, H. , Berk, A. , Zipursky, A. L. , Matsudaira, P. , Baltimore, D. , Darnell, J. , 2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4 th ed. , Freeman and Company, New York. Alberts, B. , Bray, D. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Robert, K. , Watson, JD. , 1994, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3 th ed. , Garland Publishing, Inc, New York. Devlin T. M. , 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5 th ed. , wiley-Liss, New York. Berg, J. M. , Tymoczko, J. L. , Stryer. , 2002, Biochemistry, 5 th ed. , W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. Freifelder, D. , 1987, Molecular Biology, 2 th ed. , Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Boston. Glick, B. R. and Pasternak, J. J. , 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2 nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC. Brown, T. A. , 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4 th ed. , Blackwell Science, UK

Human 2. 9 x 109 bp 46 (Berg JM et al, 2002)

REKAYASA GENETIK TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK

PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT Prokariot Eukariot Organisme Bakteria dan sianobakteria Fungi, hewan, manusia Ukuran sel 1 - 10 m 5 - 100 m Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast GENOM Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma, Satu molekul kromosom Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn protein histon dalam inti. Manusia mempunyai 46 cromosom RNA dan protein Disintesis dalam sitoplasma RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam sitoplasma Organisasi Unisel Multisel

DNA m. RNA RNAses IFs, EF, RF Translation Regulatory factors Proteins Decay Turnover Localization Interactions Modification

Pre-m. RNA Capping Polyadenylation Splicing m. RNA Storage m. RNAses e. IFs, e. EF, e. RF Translation Regulatory factors Proteins Decay Turnover Localization Interactions Modification (PO 4/d. PO 4, glycosylation)

II. MATERI GENETIK Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan INFORMASI GENETIK nya Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit keturunan Gena Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di paking membentuk CHROMOSOM Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan dalam kromosom GENOM

What Is Cloning? • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’ • Similar to an identical twin

The Making of Dolly Cloning depends on DNA Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother Empty DNA Sheep Egg Mother’s Egg

Hello Dolly July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep

Cloning and the Cell Nucleus Its all about DNA

Cloning Depends on DNA Nucleus Chromosome

Good-Bye Dolly At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging. u Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age) u • Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY? It’s all about DNA

Telomeres TTAGGG Gene 1 Gene 2 Chromosome DNA

Telomere Length Declines 8, 000 Telomere length in base pairs (human white 3, 000 blood cells) 1, 500 0 35 65 Age (years)

More on Dolly and Cloning Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed. Question How many failures will it take to produce a human

Other Cloned Animals July 1998 cloned calves Cloned mouse Cloned mule

Future Experiments Butter. Cat. Cow

Future Experiments Sparrow. Boxer Tiger. Owl

JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK

Chromosomes 16 6 24

Chromosomes 78 40 46

Human Genome • Genome inti 23 pasang kromosome 2 x (4 x 109 bp) 2 m DNA/sel • Genome mitokondria

Some organisms are diploid - that is, they have paired homologous chromosomes in their somatic cells, and thus contain two copies of each gene. An organism in which both copies of the gene are identical - that is, have the same allele is said to be homozygous for that gene. An organism which has two different alleles of the gene is said to be heterozygous

Human 4 x 109 22 autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom Masing 2 single linier DNA E. Coli 4. 7 x 106 1 Chromosom 40 – 50 loop superkoil

Kromosom tanpa histon

DNA CHROMOSOME

KROMOSOM CENTROMER region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis TELOMER fragmen di ujung chromosom linier replikasi secara khusus untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom ORIGIN REPLIKASI tempat awal replikasi berlangsung

Introduction The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell Transcription Translation Reverse tanscription DNA m. RNA Ribosome Polypeptide (protein)

KOMPOSISI GENA FUNGSIONAL PROMOTER OPERATOR ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE STRUKTURAL GEN : m. RNA TERMINATOR