BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II Materi
BIOLOGI MOLEKULER I. Pengenalan Biologi Molekuler II. Materi Genetik Struktur dan Sifat Asam Nukleat Replikasi DNA, Mutasi dan Repair DNA III. Ekspresi Gena Transkripsi, Translasi, dan Regulasi IV. Pertumbuhan Sel Eukariot Sel Signaling dan Siklus Sel V. Transformasi Genetik Rekombinasi, Transposon dan Retrovirus
III. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Lodish, H. , Berk, A. , Zipursky, A. L. , Matsudaira, P. , Baltimore, D. , Darnell, J. , 2000, Molecular cell Biology, 4 th ed. , Freeman and Company, New York. Alberts, B. , Bray, D. , Lewis, J. , Raff, M. , Robert, K. , Watson, JD. , 1994, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3 th ed. , Garland Publishing, Inc, New York. Devlin T. M. , 2002, Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 5 th ed. , wiley-Liss, New York. Berg, J. M. , Tymoczko, J. L. , Stryer. , 2002, Biochemistry, 5 th ed. , W. H. Freeman and Company, New York. Freifelder, D. , 1987, Molecular Biology, 2 th ed. , Jones and Bartlett Publisher, Boston. Glick, B. R. and Pasternak, J. J. , 1998, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA, 2 nd. Ed. ASM Press, Washington DC. Brown, T. A. , 2001, Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis, An Introduction, 4 th ed. , Blackwell Science, UK
Human 2. 9 x 109 bp 46 (Berg JM et al, 2002)
REKAYASA GENETIK TEKNOLOGI GENA FARMASETIK
PERBEDAAN PROKARIOT & EUKARIOT Prokariot Eukariot Organisme Bakteria dan sianobakteria Fungi, hewan, manusia Ukuran sel 1 - 10 m 5 - 100 m Organel Beberapa / tidak ada Inti, mitokondria, kloroplast GENOM Sirkuler dalam sitoplasma, Satu molekul kromosom Linier panjang, dipak rapi dgn protein histon dalam inti. Manusia mempunyai 46 cromosom RNA dan protein Disintesis dalam sitoplasma RNA : dalam inti, Protein: dalam sitoplasma Organisasi Unisel Multisel
DNA m. RNA RNAses IFs, EF, RF Translation Regulatory factors Proteins Decay Turnover Localization Interactions Modification
Pre-m. RNA Capping Polyadenylation Splicing m. RNA Storage m. RNAses e. IFs, e. EF, e. RF Translation Regulatory factors Proteins Decay Turnover Localization Interactions Modification (PO 4/d. PO 4, glycosylation)
II. MATERI GENETIK Mahluk hidup tersusun dari SEL yang dapat membelah dan menurunkan INFORMASI GENETIK nya Dibawa oleh DNA : rantai polimer panjang yang merupakan rangkaian dari jutaan nukleotida Fragmen DNA yang mengkode protein, suatu unit keturunan Gena Molekul DNA yang terdiri dari beberapa gena di paking membentuk CHROMOSOM Total informasi genetik yang tersimpan dalam kromosom GENOM
What Is Cloning? • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism, such as the famous sheep ‘Dolly’ • Similar to an identical twin
The Making of Dolly Cloning depends on DNA Step 1: Take the Nuclei out of a sheep egg Step 2: Transfer nuclei from the Mother Empty DNA Sheep Egg Mother’s Egg
Hello Dolly July 5, 1996, Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland She was cloned using a cell taken from a healthy six-year-old sheep
Cloning and the Cell Nucleus Its all about DNA
Cloning Depends on DNA Nucleus Chromosome
Good-Bye Dolly At age 3 Dolly showed signs of premature aging. u Dolly died at 6 years old from progressive lung disease (symptom of old age) u • Dolly’s DNA was already 6 years old when she was born - WHY? It’s all about DNA
Telomeres TTAGGG Gene 1 Gene 2 Chromosome DNA
Telomere Length Declines 8, 000 Telomere length in base pairs (human white 3, 000 blood cells) 1, 500 0 35 65 Age (years)
More on Dolly and Cloning Dolly’s experimenters used 277 cloned embryos to produce one sheep, meaning 276 failed. Question How many failures will it take to produce a human
Other Cloned Animals July 1998 cloned calves Cloned mouse Cloned mule
Future Experiments Butter. Cat. Cow
Future Experiments Sparrow. Boxer Tiger. Owl
JUMLAH BASA VS KOMPLEKS MAKHLUK
Chromosomes 16 6 24
Chromosomes 78 40 46
Human Genome • Genome inti 23 pasang kromosome 2 x (4 x 109 bp) 2 m DNA/sel • Genome mitokondria
Some organisms are diploid - that is, they have paired homologous chromosomes in their somatic cells, and thus contain two copies of each gene. An organism in which both copies of the gene are identical - that is, have the same allele is said to be homozygous for that gene. An organism which has two different alleles of the gene is said to be heterozygous
Human 4 x 109 22 autosom yang berbeda 2 sex kromosom Masing 2 single linier DNA E. Coli 4. 7 x 106 1 Chromosom 40 – 50 loop superkoil
Kromosom tanpa histon
DNA CHROMOSOME
KROMOSOM CENTROMER region dari chromosom yang diperlukan untuk pengikatan mitotic spindle saat proses mitosis TELOMER fragmen di ujung chromosom linier replikasi secara khusus untuk mencegah perpendekan chromosom ORIGIN REPLIKASI tempat awal replikasi berlangsung
Introduction The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Cell Transcription Translation Reverse tanscription DNA m. RNA Ribosome Polypeptide (protein)
KOMPOSISI GENA FUNGSIONAL PROMOTER OPERATOR ACTIVATOR BINDING SITE STRUKTURAL GEN : m. RNA TERMINATOR
- Slides: 43