Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology lab Lab period

n Overview q q q Meaning of anatomy and physiology Organization of the human

Anatomy and Physiology Defined n Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function q Anatomy n n n q The science of body structures and relationships First studies by dissection (cutting apart) Imaging techniques Physiology n The science of body functions Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Levels of Structural Organization n Six levels of organization Copyright 2009, John Wiley &

Characteristics of Living Human Organism n Basic Life Processes q q Distinguish living from non-living things Six important life process n n n Metabolism Responsiveness Movement Growth Differentiation Reproduction Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Basic Anatomical Terminology n n Common language referring to body structures and their functions Anatomists use standard anatomical position and special vocabulary in relating body parts Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Body Positions n n Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance Anatomical position q q q Body upright Standing erect facing the observer Head and eyes facing forward Feet are flat on the floor and forward Upper limbs to the sides Palms turned forward Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical position n n Body is upright Terms for a reclining body q Prone

Regional Names n Several major regions identified q Most principal regions n Head q n Neck q n Chest, abdomen, and pelvis Upper limbs q n Supports the head and attaches to trunk Trunk q n Skull and face Attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit, and arm Lower limbs q Attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Directional Terms n Describe the position of one body part relative to another q Group in pairs with opposite meaning n q Anterior (front) and posterior (back) Only make sense when used to describe a position of one structure relative to another n n The esophagus is posterior to the trachea Knee is superior to the ankle Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Directional Terms Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Common Directional Terms n Anterior q n Posterior q n Nearer to the back of the body Superior q n Nearer to the front of the body Toward the head Inferior q Away from the head Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Common Directional Terms n Proximal q n Distal q n Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Lateral q n Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Farther from the midline Medial q Nearer to the midline Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical Terminology n Superficial Anatomy q Anatomical Landmarks n q q References to palpable structures Anatomical Regions n Body regions n Abdominopelvic quadrants n Abdominopelvic regions Anatomical Directions n Reference terms based on subject Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1– 6 Anatomical Landmarks. Anterior Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons,

Planes and Sections n Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts q Sagittal plane n A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides q q Midsagittal plane divides body into equal right and left sides Parasagittal plane divides body into unequal right and left sides Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1– 9 Sectional Planes. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Planes and Sections n Frontal or coronal plane q n Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions Transverse plane q q Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Planes and Sections Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Planes and Sections n Oblique plane q Passes through the body or an organ at an angle n n n Between transverse and sagittal plane Between transverse and frontal plane Sections q Cut of the body made along a plane Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical Terminology Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Anatomical Terminology FIGURE 1– 7 Abdominopelvic Regions. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Body Cavities n Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal

Body Cavities Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Body Cavities FIGURE 1– 11 The Ventral Body Cavity and Its Subdivisions. Copyright 2009,

Cranial Cavity and Vertebral Canal n Cranial cavity q q n Vertebral canal q q n Formed by the cranial bones Protects the brain Formed by bones of vertebral column Contains the spinal cord Meninges q Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic Cavity n n Also called the chest cavity Formed by q q Ribs

Thoracic Cavity n Within the thoracic cavity q Pericardial cavity n q Fluid-filled space that surround the heart Pleural cavity n Two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic Cavity n Mediastinum q Central part of the thoracic cavity n n n Between lungs Extending from the sternum to the vertebral column First rib to the diaphragm q Diaphragm § Dome shaped muscle § Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Body Cavities n The Abdominopelvic Cavity q Peritoneal cavity — chamber within abdominopelvic cavity n Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall n Visceral peritoneum covers the organs Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Cavity n n n Extends from the diaphragm to the groin Encircled by the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis Divided into two portions: q Abdominal cavity n q Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines Pelvic cavity n Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes n Viscera q Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities n n Serous membrane is a thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera Parts of the serous membrane: q q Parietal layer § Lines the wall of the cavities Visceral layer § Covers the viscera within the cavities Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes n Pleura q Serous membrane of the pleural cavities n n n Pericardium q Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity n n n Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs Parietal pleura lines the chest wall Visceral pericardium covers the heart Parietal pericardium lines the chest wall Peritoneum q Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity n n Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Other Cavities n Oral (mouth) cavity q n Nasal cavity q n eyeball Middle ear cavities q n nose Orbital cavities q n Tongue and teeth Small bones of the middle ear Synovial cavities q Joints Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Abdominopelvic Regions n Abdominopelvic Regions q Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs n n Tic-Tac-Toe grid Two horizontal and two vertical lines partition the cavity q q q Subcostal line (top horizontal) § inferior to rib cage Transtubercular line (bottom horizontal) § inferior to top of the hip bone Midclavicular lines (two vertical lines) § midpoints to clavicles and medial to the nipples Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Nine Abdominopelvic Regions n n n Right and left hypochondriac Epigastric and Hypogastric (pubic) Right and left lumbar Right and left inguinal (iliac) Umbilical Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Quadrants n Vertical and horizontal lines pass through the umbilicus q q Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrants (LLQ) Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Fig. 3. 1 Generalized Body Cell Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Plasma Membrane n n Flexible yet sturdy barrier The fluid mosaic model - the arrangement of molecules within the membrane resembles a sea of lipids containing many types of proteins The lipids act as a barrier to certain substances The proteins act as “gatekeepers” to certain molecules and ions Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Structure of the Plasma Membrane Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Membrane Permeability n n n The cell is either permeable or impermeable to certain substances The lipid bilayer is permeable to oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and steroids, but impermeable to glucose Transmembrane proteins act as channels and transporters to assist the entrance of certain substances, for example, glucose and ions Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Transport in Vesicles n n Vesicle - a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane Endocytosis - materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane three types: receptor-mediated endocytosis phagocytosis bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) Exocytosis - vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid Transcytosis - a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.