BIOL 242 at South Seattle College Different versions

BIOL 242 at South Seattle College • Different versions from different instructors, but… • 242 labs are similar to those of 241 (a couple of dissections, models, maybe some slides) • 242 does not include much review of 241 • 242 assumes you understand the nervous system! • Organ systems covered in 242: endocrine, respiratory, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, urinary, reproductive • All except lymphatic depend heavily on neural input • Consider reviewing material from chapters 12 -14 (+15 -16? ) just before 242 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 12 -1 A Functional Overview of the Nervous System (& the rest of the course!). Ch. 14, 13 Ch. 15 Voluntary Ch. 16 Automatic “rest & digest” / “flight or fight” Power. Point® Lecture Presentations prepared by Lee Ann Frederick University of Texas at Arlington © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Main themes of Chapter 13 • Basic anatomy/organization of spinal cord & nerves • Neural circuits • Reflexes • Clinical issues • Anaesthesia • Paraplegia/quadriplegia • Nerve problems © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Terminology: nerve, nerve cell, neuron © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -6

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13 -8: Sensory Spinal Nerves

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13 -8: Motor Spinal Nerves

The spinal cord itself: gray matter & white matter 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -2 b © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

White matter is organized into tracts to/from the brain Image: Wikipedia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: corticospinal tracts 10 th Martini, Figure 15 -9 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

The arrangement of gray & white matter varies along the spinal cord Image: Gray’s Anatomy, via Wikipedia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Plexuses: interconnected networks of nerves Cervical plexus C 1 – C 5 Brachial plexus C 5 – T 1 Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Cervical nerves C 1 – C 8 Thoracic nerves T 1 – T 12 Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus L 1 – L 4 Sacral plexus L 4 – S 4 Cauda equina Lab manual, Figure 19 -5 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Lumbar nerves L 1 – L 5 Sacral nerves S 1 – S 5 Coccygeal nerve Co 1

Part of the brachial plexus: arm/forearm nerves © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why do we have plexuses? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neural circuits: ways of connecting neurons 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -13 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Neural circuits perform calculations, as computers do Figures: All. About. Circuits. com © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Reflexes • Definition • Types © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

A simple reflex: the stretch reflex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -14

A more complex reflex: the crossed-extensor reflex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -14

Steps of a spinal reflex © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical issues: anaesthesia • What are meninges? • 3 layers • Location of cerebrospinal fluid © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical issues: anaesthesia © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Image: Friedrich-Freksa et al. , International Brazilian Journal of Urology 2014

Clinical issues: paraplegia/quadriplegia • See Ch. 13 Clinical Case (“Prom Night”) • Why is it highly unusual to lose control of lower limbs but retain control of upper limbs? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Christopher Reeve © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. ndtv. com

Repair of injuries to the PNS & CNS © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical issues: nerve problems 10 th Martini, Figure 13 -7 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Clinical issues: sciatica • Possible symptoms? • Possible causes? © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.