BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES Why were the biogeochemical cycles so

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ○Why were the biogeochemical cycles so important? ○CHNOPS

CHNOPS? ○CHNOPS are the ingredients for life. These elements are what make up you and all living things ○How do they get into cells and organisms? ○Let’s find out

WHAT DOES IT STAND FOR? ○C (Carbon) – through the carbon cycle ○H (Hydrogen) – through the water cycle ○N (Nitrogen) – through the nitrogen cycle ○O (Oxygen) - through the water cycle ○P (Phosphorus)- through the phosphorus cycle ○S (Sulfur) – through the sulfur cycle

THE CARBON CYCLE ○The Carbon Cycle is driven by photosynthesis and respiration. A. In photosynthesis plants take in carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen. i. The plant’s role is to produce an organic carbon compound called glucose. B. During respiration, organisms use oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water. i. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere by respiration as well as many other activities. This is a continuous cycle that occurs between plants and animals.

Section 3 -3 CO 2 in Atmosphere CO 2 in Ocean

Macromolecules ○ a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, that in turn form molecules. Examples are: ○ Lipid ○ Proteins ○ Nucleic Acids ○ Carbohydrates

Types of Macromolecules ○ Lipids ○ ○ ○ (Fats) C, H, O Long term storage for energy and carbon (2 x carbs) Combine w/ protein to form cell membrane Meats, cheese, butter, milk (consume) Ex: ○ Wax, oils, fats, steroids, and phospholipids ○ Proteins ○ ○ ○ Made from amino acids C, H, N, O form parts of organelles & membrane Messengers/ receivers Form parts of hair, skin, muscle, skeleton Enzymes

Types of Macromolecules ○ Carbs ○ ○ ○ C, H, O Store E in glucose and starch Provide support to cells in cellulose (plant) and chitin (bugs exoskeleton) Get sulfur from veggies ○ Nucleic Acids ○ ○ C, H, N, O, P Store and transmit genetic info in cells

“Organic” ○ Organic molecules which would be any molecules that contain the element of carbon

Cells Building blocks of life Atoms Building blocks of matter Made out of atoms Larger than atoms, made of atoms Can be broken down Two kinds of cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes) Make up life Both help to create life. Cells are made of atoms Made out of protons, neutrons, & electrons Smaller than cells Cannot be broken down Lost of different types Form to make up everything

Why is bonding so important 1. 2. 3. If elements don’t bond we don’t have molecules If we don’t have molecules we don’t have macromolecule s If we don’t have macromolecule s we don’t have cells

What type of bonding is so important? Why? Non- Polar Covalent. ○ It’s the only bond that is not soluble in water (doesn’t break up) ○ It’s important because our bodies are composed of mostly water ○ If we broke those bonds than the macromolecules, organelles, cells, etc. would not form

SINGLE CELL, MANY CELLS, OR NOT A CELL?

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Chicken egg SINGLE CELL http: //www. forumazur. com/images/stories/House. Garden/Animals/Chicken. Eggs. JPG

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Red disk shaped structures in blood. SINGLE CELL http: //www. healtone. com/product_images/uploaded_images/Blood-. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Water NOT A CELL http: //www. admc. hct. ac. ae/hd 1/english/probsoln/water. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Tree bark MANY CELLS http: //www. bing. com/images/search? q=tree+bark&qpvt=tree+bark&FORM=IGRE&adlt=strict#view=detail&id=8186 A 05986782 BF 7 C 2 EEDA 13860 B 24 B 06360808 E&selected. Index=98

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Amoeba SINGLE CELL http: //dpgitr 7 uxxopj. cloudfront. net/wp-content/uploads/amoeba-2695978355. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Bacterium (plural is bacteria) SINGLE CELL http: //www. fallingpixel. com/products/6035/mains/bacteria. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Human egg SINGLE CELL http: //www. paranormalstories. com/images/bieggsperm 2. jpg http: //pictures. funny 16. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/human-eggs. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Virus NOT A CELL http: //www. bioquellus. com/interface/assets/images/content/Influenza_virus_2008765. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Sperm SINGLE CELL http: //www. babyhopes. com/articles/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/sperm. jpg

Single Cell/Many Cells/Not a Cell? ○Chloroplast NOT A CELL http: //4. bp. blogspot. com/-GLp. OYsr. H 7 HE/Tnp 3 h 09 i 97 I/AAAAAE 8/QNlml. I 1 T 9 Qw/s 1600/Chloroplast. jpg

Prokaryotic Cells and Eukaryotic Cells CELLS PROKARYTOIC EUKARYTOIC PLANT ANIMAL

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes ○ Oldest ○ ○ Simplest ○ ○ Composed ○ ○ ○ of: ○ Cytoplasm Cell Membrane ○ Single Celled ○ Bacteria Complex Composed of: ○ ○ Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Nucleus Organelles Single/multicellular Plant/animals

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES Eukaryotic Cell Prokaryotic Cell membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Organelles

Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes • simpler • Normally single celled Bacteria • NO (lacks) organelles Cell membrane Contain DNA Cytoplasm Ribosomes Eukaryotes • Complex • Forms tissues • Has Membrane • bound Organelles EX. Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria

ORGANELLES: “mini-organs”

Nucleus: (PLANT/ANIMAL) ○In charge: the control center of the cell ○ Nuclear Double membrane with pores ○Outer membrane continuous with Endoplasmic reticulum ○ Chromatin: Single stranded, balled up chromosomes ○ Chromosomes - protein and DNA complexes that make up you ○a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes ○ Nucleolus - involved in the synthesis and assembly of Ribosomes

Ribosomes: (PLANT/ANIMAL) ○The "factories" of the cell involved in protein synthesis (or building proteins needed for cellular function and building DNA) ○May either be free or bound to the Endoplasmic Reticulum The function is the manufacture of proteins using RNA and amino acids. The m. RNA can be thought of as the "blueprints" for cell construction, while the t. RNA can be considered the "laborers" who actually perform the construction work.

Endoplasmic Reticulum: PLANT/ANIMAL an extensive membranous network continuous with the outer nuclear membrane ○ Smooth ER: lacks Ribosomes and is involved in membrane lipid synthesis ○ Rough ER: has Ribosomes and is involved in secreted protein synthesis Endoplasmic Reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubes and vesicles, or transporting molecules, inside an animal cell next to the nucleus. The main functions of the endoplasmic reticulum include synthesizing protein molecules; synthesizing lipids and fats, like cholesterol; and the metabolism of drugs and medicines, and the transport of protein. The functions are important because they help break down certain compounds, and help produce protein and fats which are important for the stability of cell membranes, communication between cells, act as energy sources, and facilitate metabolism.

Lysosomes: ANIMAL ○found mostly in animal cells ○contain enzymes for use in the hydrolysis (breakdown) of macromolecules (digestion) ○Breaks down ○food ○damaged or Old cell organelles

Lysosomes

Mitochondria: PLANT/ANIMAL ○Found in ALL eukaryotic cells (yes, even in plant cells) ○Site of aerobic respiration ○sugars + O 2 - - > ATP + CO 2 + H 2 O ○Contain DNA which codes for mitochondrial proteins, Ribosomes, etc. ○Divide by a process similar cell division ○Enclosed in a double membrane system

Golgi Who? PLANT/ANIMAL apparatus, complex, bodies ○Flattened vesicles (sac or cavity) in stacks which receive protein from endoplasmic reticulum ○Form to sort/package and transport proteins to different parts of the cell ○(vacuole, Lysosomes, etc. ) or for secretion

Centrioles: ANIMAL ○ Found only in Animal Cells ○ Centrioles: ○ cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers during cell division

Chloroplasts: PLANT 1. 2. Found only in plant cells Site of photosynthesis ○ conversion of solar energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and sugars 3. Contain DNA which codes for chloroplast proteins, Ribosomes, etc. 4. Divide when plant cell divides 5. Enclosed in a double membrane envelope that does not envelope into the chloroplast

Cell Wall: PLANT ○A rigid layer surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells. It can be tough, flexible. ○provides structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA

Cell Membrane: PLANT/ANIMAL ○Regulates what enters and leaves the cell ○Also known as : ○ “The Gate Keeper” ○ lipid bilayer or Bilipid Layer ○ plasma membrane ○ Selectively Permeable barrier This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Figure 7 -12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane Section 7 -3 Outside of cell Proteins Carbohydrate chains Cell membrane Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Protein channel Lipid bilayer

Venn Diagrams

Plant Cell Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Cytoplasm Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome (attached) Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Cell wall Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Nucleus Mitochondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Plant Cell

Animal Cell Ribosome (attached) Nucleolus Nucleus Cell Membrane Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles Golgi apparatus Vacuole Ribosome (free)

Cell Membranes Osmosis and Diffusion Go to Section:

Functions of Membranes 1. Protect cell 2. Control incoming and outgoing substances 3. Maintain ion concentrations of various substances 4. Selectively permeable - allows some molecules in, others are kept out

Phospholipid Bilayer Hydrophobic: • does not like water (hydro = water) phobic = phobia • repel water molecules Hydrophilic: • does like water

Solutions ○Solutions are made of solute and a solvent ○Solvent - the liquid into which the solute is poured and dissolved. We will use water as our solvent today. ○Solute - substance that is dissolved or put into the solvent. Salt and sucrose are solutes.

Methods of Transport Across Membranes TRANSPORT 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Diffusion 4. Active Transport ACTIVE PASSIVE DIFFUSION OSMOSIS FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Passive Transport ○A type of transport in which materials move across the cell membrane without using energy ○With the concentration Gradient ( high concentration to low concentration)

Passive transport

Methods of Transport Across Membranes 1. Diffusion a) passive transport (requires No energy) 2. Osmosis a) passive transport of WATER across membrane (requires No energy) 3. Facilitated Diffusion a) Use of proteins to carry polar molecules or ions across b) passive transport (requires No energy) 4. Active Transport a) requires energy to transport molecules against a concentration gradient b) energy is in the form of ATP

Types of Transport

Passive Transport: ○Diffusion: the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ○Osmosis: The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration ○Facilitated Diffusion: movement of particles from a high to low using transport proteins

Is Garfield really using “osmosis” or is there another transport he should be referencing? Explain.

Concentration Gradient ○The difference in concentration between a region of high concentration and a region of low concentration

Diffusion

Osmosis http: //lh 4. ggpht. com/-Oc. UBVOUa 6 Wo/Uqh. B 2 ZLKab. I/AAAAAos/_Ysmkb. Tzx 2 A/clip_image 001%25255 B 5%25255 D. gif? imgmax=800

Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport ○A type of transport requiring energy to move materials across the cell membrane (low concentration to high concentration) http: //www. biology 4 kids. com/files/cell 2_activetran. html

Active Transport

Section 7 -3

Effects of Osmosis on Cells ○ Isotonic: concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell ○ Hypertonic: Solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell ○ Hypotonic: Solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell

Plant and Animal Cells put into various solutions