BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS Reading pp
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES MATTER CYCLING IN ECOSYSTEMS Reading pp. 70 -77
SOIL
SOIL COMPOSITION
MATTER CYCLING Nutrients move through air, soil, water, rock, organisms One of sustainability principles https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=09_s. W Px. Qym. A
http: //www. mhhe. com/biosci/genbio/enger/st udent/olc/art_quizzes/genbiomedia/0377. jpg
WATER STRUCTURE 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom polar covalently bonded Polar covalent—unequal sharing between atoms of different elements which results in one end being slightly negative (oxygen) and the other being slightly positive (hydrogen)
WATER STRUCTURE Water attracts other water molecules by attraction of oppositely charged ends Slightly negative oxygen end of one will attract slightly positive hydrogen end of another Creates a hydrogen bond between different water molecules Cohesion—attraction between like molecules
WATER CHARACTERISTICS High specific heat Allows aquatic organisms to adapt to The amount of heat changing temperatures needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius http: //water. usgs. gov/edu/pictures/hea t-capacity-pond. gif
WATER CHARACTERISTICS Heat of vaporization Large amount of heat can be absorbed to evaporate http: //idahoptv. org/dialogue 4 kids/images/s eason 11/body_waste/sweat. gif Cycling of water Cooling effect of perspiration
WATER CHARACTERISTICS Carries dissolved Universal Solvent nutrients through Dissolves variety of tissues, flush wastes substances http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/1 -141126141948 -conversiongate 01/95/biology-form-4 -chapter-4 -chemical-composition-of-the -cell-part-1 -25 -638. jpg? cb=1418039477
WATER CHARACTERISTICS Capillary action Result of cohesion (attraction of like) and adhesion (attraction of unlike) http: //www. scholastic. com/teachers/sites/d efault/files/promo_images/lesson_plan/1205 04_rt_watermovement. jpg Water pulled up roots against gravity
WATER CHARACTERISTICS Freezing Water bonds expand become less dense Ice floats on water https: //www. uwgb. edu/biodiversity/phenology /2011/prairie. Pond 20111110_01 uwgb_new. Ice 54 0_Gary. Fewless. jpg Insulation of ponds/lakes Will not crush organisms l
WATER CHARACTERISTICS Water filters UV that could harm aquatic organisms Water exists as liquid over wide temperature ranges which limits evaporation from oceans
WATER CYCLE Powered by sun and gravity Energy absorbed—transpiration and evaporation Energy released—condensation Gravity—precipitation, runoff, infiltration, percolation
WATER CYCLE Evaporation—release of water molecules from surface of water bodies Transpiration—release http: //www. pearsonplaces. com. au/Portals/0/Pearson. Reader/ of water from surface Book. Images/PACSCI 7/03/PSCI_7_3_03_04. jpg of leaves http: //citadel. sjfc. edu/students/kmd 06085/eport/msti 260/transpiration. gif
WATER CYCLE Condensation— cooling of water vapor to create water droplets in clouds http: //playrific. com/images/media/water_cycle_ani mation. png
WATER CYCLE Precipitation— liquid, solid falling in response to gravity http: //itecideas. pbworks. com/f/1386215018/types%20 of%20 pr ecip. png
WATER CYCLE Infiltration, surface runoff, percolation Groundwater to recharge aquifers Most runoff into streams and lakes to oceans
WATER CYCLE Natural distillation by chemical and biological processes (bacteria) through evaporation and precipitation Only about 0. 024% of Earth’s water supply is available as liquid freshwater
EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON WATER CYCLE Withdrawing large quantities at rates faster than nature can replace it Clearing vegetation—increases runoff, decreases infiltration that recharges groundwater, increases flooding, soil erosion, landslides Wetland destruction that absorb water
EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON WATER CYCLE Addition of nutrients creates overload and affects water purification Cycle speeding up due to increase in temperature, increase in greenhouse gases which can change climate patterns Droughts, floods, storms, global warming
CARBON CYCLE Through air, water, soil, organisms Depends on photosynthesis and cellular respiration 0. 038% of troposphere is carbon dioxide dissolved in water Amount of carbon dioxide affects climate Decrease causes cooling/Increase warms
CARBON DIOXIDE Photosynthesis—uptake carbon dioxide Cellular respiration—releases carbon dioxide Decomposition—releases carbon dioxide Deposition—incorporates carbon dioxide Human activities—releases carbon dioxide
CARBON DIOXIDE http: //abhsscience. wikispaces. com/file/view/photosynthesi s_1. jpg/390244350/photosynthesis_1. jpg http: //cdn. vectorstock. com/i/composite/44, 84/co ws-grazing-in-farm-vector-1034484. jpg
CARBON CYCLE https: //s-media-cacheak 0. pinimg. com/236 x/27/67/74/2767742 bbe 9 f 211 fe 494 4626 d 23 d 6 a 6 c. jpg
CARBON DIOXIDE http: //image. slidesharecdn. com/fossilfuel 150325151322 -conversion-gate 01/95/fossil-fuel 6 -638. jpg? cb=1427296646 http: //worldwidestar. files. wordpress. com/2009/10/fo ssil_fuels. gif
CARBON DIOXIDE Aquatic ecosystems—Carbon dioxide dissolved in water Phytoplankton (photosynthesis) eaten Cellular respiration of plants and animals Shelled animals incorporate carbon dioxide into shells/skeletons (calcium carbonate) Die; sediment sinks pressured into limestone breakdown releasing carbon
EFFECTS OF HUMANS ON CARBON CYCLE Alter temperature and precipitation Raises sea level Disrupts global food production Disrupts wildlife habitat
NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen-fixation Ammonification Nitrification Assimilation Denitrification
NITROGEN CYCLE Cycles through air, water, oil, organisms 78% of troposhere Necessary in protein, nucleic acids, ATP, vitamins Convert atmospheric nitrogen by nitrogenfixation (terrestrial) and atmospheric fixation by lightning
NITROGEN CYCLE Atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia Ammonia ammonium ion Ammonia/Ammonium ion nitrites (toxic) nitrates Nitrates nucleotides and amino acids Decomposition/Excretion Ammonification Nitrates atmospheric nitrogen
SULFUR CYCLE Stored in underground rocks/minerals Sulfate salts in ocean sediment Hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes, bogs Sulfur dioxide from volcanoes Sea spray (sulfate salts)
SULFUR DIOXIDE https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Bz. Pe. A 9 o. QNl 8
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