BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES ATMOSPHERE LITHOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE ECOSPHERE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
ATMOSPHERE
LITHOSPHERE
HYDROSPHERE
ECOSPHERE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE CONNECTS ALL OF THE CYCLES AND SPHERES TOGETHER
HUMAN IMPACTS TO WATER CYCLE 1. Water withdrawal from streams, lakes and groundwater. (salt water intrusion and groundwater depletion) 2. Clear vegetation from land for agriculture, mining, road and building construction. (nonpoint source runoff carrying pollutants and reduced recharge of groundwater) 3. Degrade water quality by adding nutrients(NO 2, NO 3, PO 4) and destroying wetlands (natural filters). 4. Degrade water clarity by clearing vegetation and increasing soil erosion.
Water Quality Degradation
MARINE CARBON CYCLE
TERRESTRIAL CARBON CYCLE
Primary Productivity Connection • Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) – the rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given period of time. • Net Primary Productivity (NPP) – the rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful energy; equal to the difference between energy produced through photosynthesis and energy used for cellular respiration.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis: occurs within the chloroplasts of green plants. The photosynthetic membranes are arranged in flattened sacs called the thylakoids. 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O light (reactants) Function: Chemical energy Storage for cell use (products)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular Respiration occurs in light simultaneously with photosynthesis. It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. It is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis. Function = chemical energy release C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 + 6 H 2 O chemical energy 6 CO 2 + 12 H 2 O+
HUMAN IMPACTS TO CARBON CYCLE • 1. Forest and brush removal has left less vegetation to absorb CO 2 through photosynthesis. • 2. Burning fossil fuels and wood produces CO 2 (greenhouse gas) that flows into the troposphere. Trapping of CO 2 in atmosphere enhances natural greenhouse effect and may contribute to climate changes that would disrupt global food production, wildlife habitats and raise sea level by melting ice caps.
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE CARBON IS THE BACKBONE OF LIFE!
NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN CYCLE MAJOR STEPS IN NITROGEN CYCLE • 1. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria or Rhizobium bacter. • 2. Ammonification by decomposers and/or nitrogen fixing bacteria. • 3. Nitrification by bacteria (NO 2 [toxic to plants]to NO 3 [useable by plants]). 4. Assimilation (used by plants) OR Denitrification by anaerobic bacteria in waterlogged soils or bottom of lakes convert NH 3 and NH 4 back to NO 2 and NO 3 ions and then into N 2 and NO 2 gas to atmosphere.
HUMAN IMPACTS ON NITROGEN CYCLE 1. WORLD War II, German chemist Fritz Haber developed the Haber Process and won the Nobel Prize. He developed Commercial inorganic fertilizer in the laboratory. This was to solve global famine problems! 2. N 2 + 3 H 2 2 NH 3 3. 2. Emit large quantities of NOx into the atmosphere when we burn any fuel. (NO + O 2 2 NO). The nitric oxide then reacts in the atmosphere with oxygen and water vapor to form nitric acid (HNO 3) = acid deposition. This damages and weakens trees and interferes with aquatic ecosystems. It also creates photochemical smog known as ozone near the ground.
ACID DEPOSITION
PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG “BAD OZONE DOWN LOW”
“GOOD OZONE UP HIGH”
HUMAN IMPACTS ON NITROGEN CYCLE CONT. • N 2 O gas is released into the atmosphere by anaerobic bacteria on livestock wastes and commercial fertilizers applied to the soil. These act as greenhouse gases and when N 2 O reaches the stratosphere it contributes to ozone (O 3) depletion.
OZONE DEPLETION
HUMAN IMPACTS ON NITROGEN CYCLE • Remove nitrogen from Earth’s crust when we mine for nitrogen-containing minerals for fertilizers (ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3). • Deplete nitrogen from topsoil by harvesting nitrogenrich crops (soybeans, alfalfa). • Leach water-soluble NO 3 ions from soil through irrigation. • Remove nitrogen from topsoil when we burn grasslands and clear forests before planting crops while releasing NOx into atmosphere.
SLASH AND BURN
“SEDIMENT KILLS REEFS”
HUMAN IMPACTS ON NITROGEN CYCLE CONT. • Cultural Eutrophication – adding of excess nutrients of NO 2, NO 3, and PO 4, from agricultural runoff (fertilizer and animal waste), discharge of municpal sewage, and deposition of nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere.
IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN CYCLE Organisms use nitrogen to make vital organic compounds such as amino acids, proteins, DNA, and RNA. In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen is typically in short supply and limits the rate of primary production = LIMITING FACTOR!
PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
HUMAN IMPACTS TO PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE 1. Humans mine LARGE quantities of phosphate rock to use in commercial fertilizers and detergents. Phosphorous is NOT found as a gas, only as a solid in the earth’s crust. It takes millions to hundreds of millions of years to replenish. 2. Phosphorous is held in the tissue of the trees and vegetation, not in the soil and as we deforest the land, we remove the ability for phosphorous to replenish globally in ecosystems. 3. Cultural eutrophication – ad excess phosphate to aquatic ecosystems in runoff of animal wastes from livestock feedlots, runoff of commercial phosphate fertilizers fro cropland, and discharge of municipal sewage.
CULTURAL EUTROPHICATION
IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE • 1. Phosphorous is an essential nutrient of both plants and animals. • 2. It is part of DNA molecules which carry genetic information. • 3. It is part of ATP and ADP) that store chemical energy for use by organisms in cellular respiration. • 4. Forms phospholipids in cell membranes of plants and animal cells. • 5. Forms bones, teeth, and shells of animals as calcium phosphate compounds.
SULFUR CYCLE
HUMAN IMPACTS TO SULFUR CYCLE Approximately 1/3 of all sulfur emitted into atmosphere comes from human activities. • 1. Burning sulfur containing coal and oil to produce electric power (SOx = acid deposition). • 2. Refining petroleum – (SOx emissions) • 3. Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of metallic minerals into free metals (Cu, Pb, Zn) • 4. Industrial processing.
IMPORTANCE OF SULFUR CYCLE 1. Sulfur is a component of most proteins and some vitamins. 2. Sulfate ions (SO 4 2 - ) dissolved in water are common in plant tissue. They are part of sulfur-containing amino acids that are the building blocks for proteins. 3. Sulfur bonds give three dimensional structure of amino acids. 4. Many animals, including humans, depend on plants for sulfur-containing amino acids.
ROCK CYCLE
HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ROCK CYCLE • 1. Humans are excavating minerals and removing rock material. It takes millions of years for rock to form. • 2. Humans remove sediments for building materials. This removes sediments that may form sedimentary rocks in the future. • 3. Humans are filling in wetlands (peatlands), area that will form future coal beds.
HOW MANY MORE COWS CAN THE EARTH SUPPORT?
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