Bioenergy and food security Page 1 Bioenergy rural

Bioenergy and food security Page 1

Bioenergy, rural development and food security Agricultural systems can serve as important producers of bioenergy. Modern bioenergy development can boost agricultural and rural development by : • raising agricultural productivity, • creating new employment, • generating income, • improving access to modern energy services. -> However, they are suspected to cause negative impacts on food security (food shortage and price increases) and on the environment due to an intensive use of natural resources. Page 2

Global energy consumption • Renewable energy provided 19% of global final energy consumption • About 9% of global final energy consumption came from traditional biomass. About 2. 6 billion people worldwide depend on wood energy • There are various forms of bioenergy: liquid (biodiesel, bioethanol), gaseous (biogas, biomethane) and solid (wood pellets, wood chips) which can be used for different purposes: transport, heat and electricity generation Source: http: //www. giz. de/expertise/downloads/giz 2015 -en-report-wood-energy. pdf Page 3

Bioenergy use globally • In 2013, 10% of global primary energy supply, 57 EJ, were provided by biomass. Biofuels represented 5 EJ Global Renewable energy use by technology and sector www. irena. org/remap Page 4

Biogas use • In Europe, 7, 857 MW have been produced from biogas in 2013 (total number of biogas plants: 14. 563) • Biogas is used in households in China, India, Nepal and Rwanda, middletech biogas are used in Brazil, China, India, Thailand (to reduce environmental pollution) and high-tech in China, Phillippines and Turkey • In India the installed capacity is 3, 800 MW. 4, 75 mio. Households produced biogas from cattle manure. Digested slurry is used as biomanure to supplement the use of chemical fertilisers www. myclimate. org Page 5

Biogas use European model Source: http: //home. scarlet. be/decalog/CLDR/html_files/lot%201%20_%203%20_biomethanisation. htm Page 6

Global biofuel production • About 63 countries worldwide used regulatory policies in 2014 to promote the production and consumption of biofuels for transport. Examples of blending mandates are: Argentina (E 5 and B 10), India (E 10), the Philippines (E 10), Brazil (E 25) • Total biofuel consumption in 2013 was 116. 6 billion liters, up from 17. 8 billion liters in 2000. • The main producers are in the U. S. , Brazil and in the EU. Further countries that grow energy crops are Argentina, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Paraguay • The main crops used for the production of biofuel are maize, sugarcane, rape seed and soy • It is not always fully clear whether the crops grown in a particular area are used for food, feed, cosmetics or biofuels, or others Page 7

Land use implications of biofuel production • About 3% of the global agricultural land area is used for energy crops and these were covering 2. 3% of the global fuel demand in 2013 • In Germany, for example, 14% of the agricultural crop land are used for various bioenergy uses (biofuels and biogas) • The EU - Renewable Energy Directive of 2009 requires biofuels to comply with sustainability criteria. Biofuels should reach a greenhouse gas emission saving of 35/50%, no-go areas: primary forests, highly biodiverse land, land of high carbon stock or peat lands • However, co-products are being used as feed: rapeseed meal or distiller´s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of corn ethanol production, fertilizer. This way the land-use increase is limited • In biofuel production, a number of energy inputs are undertaken: the use of mineral fertilisers, ploughing, transport, energy use for biofuel production. Biofuels are normally less energy dense than fossil fuels Page 8

Ways to grow bioenergy in a sustainable way: Integrated Food-Energy Systems (IFES) • Consists of food and fuel produced together on the same land, energy self-suffiency or for selling crops • IFES Type 1 combines the production of feedstock for food and energy on the same land, through multiple cropping patterns (ex. intermediate crop) or agro-forestry systems • IFES, Type 2 promotes synergies between food crops, livestock, fish production and renewable energy. Involves using technology (e. g. anaerobic digestion) to recycle farming products or residues to produce bioenergy and/or organic fertiliser -> fully integrated system • In India, bioenergy trees, such as pongamia, simarouba, mahua, neem are planted on the borders of farmers´plots. The SVO, biodiesel and biogas are used for running tractors, irrigation pumps and cooking in adapted cookstoves, seedcake is used as biofertiliser Page 9