BIOELECTRIC GENERATION Ariel Autrand Zaoyi Chi Diego Garcia
BIO-ELECTRIC GENERATION Ariel Autrand, Zaoyi Chi, Diego Garcia, Justin Havely, Qingkun Liu, Bray Moll, Andrew Mullen, Tim O’Rourke W. L. Gore & Associates
OUTLINE • Generator Concepts • Energy Storage Methods • Charging Circuit • Target Specifications • Schedule/Budget W. L. Gore & Associates
PROBLEM STATEMENT • The goal is to design, build, and test a fully implantable electric generation and charging system • The intention is to power and recharge pacemaker type implants to reduce the need for surgical battery replacement • Must meet ANSI, OSHA and other related safety standards • Need to determine: • • W. L. Gore & Associates Charge rate requirements Size and implant location Material and biocompatibility Power output
CURRENT STATE • W. L. Gore & Associates
REMEMBER PIEZOELECTRIC? • Force applied = voltage & current output • Vibration = Power • Apply voltage = material vibration W. L. Gore & Associates
Patent US 9616242 • Deformation generates power in AC • Must be rectified to DC • Configured to allow for deformation in all 3 axis • Must match frequency of bio-kinetic event in body • Alternative = Use resonant frequency • Preferred embodiment places piezo converter in pacemaker cable leading to heart W. L. Gore & Associates
THE HEART • Heartbeat typically 40 -180 BPM • Heartbeat cycle has two basic parts • 1 st – Diastole, 2 nd – Systole • Resulting vibrations @ low frequency = up to 30 Hz • Must also consider times of max movement (ie. Coughing) W. L. Gore & Associates
ACCORDING TO KAIST… • W. L. Gore & Associates
GOAL • Create generator and complimentary circuit for demonstration with bulk piezoelectric material • Visual presentation using Oscilloscope & Raspberry Pi • Applied force = predicted heart beat deformation • Bulk PMN-PT & Circuit with (Super)Capacitors W. L. Gore & Associates
TESTING • Piezo-Electric Testing • Off-the-Shelf Module used for audio • Peak Voltage generation at 2. 60 V with ~1. 3 N applied. • Max Power 6. 76 m. W W. L. Gore & Associates
INERTIAL GENERATOR • Backup Generation Concept Storage • Mechanical to electrical energy • Electromagnetic generator • Induces voltage and current • Induced voltage (EMF) Depends on: • • Number of coils Diameter of wire Strength of magnet Velocity of coils Wires Coils Magnets W. L. Gore & Associates
CURRENT STATE • Rechargeable Batteries • Lithium Ion • Vanadium Redox • Nickle-Cadmium • 1, 000 -10, 000 Charge Cycles • Estimated Life Span of 10 Years X W. L. Gore & Associates
CURRENT STATE • Supercapacitors • Bridge gap technology between electrolytic capacitors and rechargeable batteries • Higher energy capacity compared to regular capacitors • Significantly longer lifetime compared to rechargeable batteries (1 million charge cycles) W. L. Gore & Associates
Schematic Piezo. Electric Generator W. L. Gore & Associates Rectifier Charge. Pump Storage (Super Capacitor) Implant
REQUIREMENTS • As presented by W. L. Gore & Associates… Overall Requirements: 1. Safe operation per ANSI, OSHA, or other related safety standards 2. Determine the following requirements (recommended but not limited to): • Charge rate requirements • Mode of generation • Allowable size • Implant materials • Implant location • Implant method • Biocompatibility • Power output 3. Determine and build a prototype demonstrating it meets our input requirements in section 2 W. L. Gore & Associates
REQUIREMENTS • Team established customer requirements • Meet regulatory safety standards • Weighted 45 out of 100 • Provide electric power • Weighted 35 out of 100 • Fully implantable device w/in human body • Weighted 20 out of 100 W. L. Gore & Associates
REQUIREMENTS Engineering Requirements created based off of… • Broad W. L. Gore recommended requirements • Anatomy of human being • General knowledge of electricity • Size: < 500 ���� 3 • Location: < 2. 0 m away from the device • Charging rate: > 10 µW • Weight: < 280 g • Operating voltage: 3. 7 V W. L. Gore & Associates
REVISED SCHEDULE W. L. Gore & Associates
BUDGET BREAKDOWN Past Costs Future Costs Component Cost ($) Thermoelectric Generator $12 Generation Electronics W. L. Gore & Associates Part Cost Prototyping $1000 PMN-PT (20 mmx 13 mmx 0. 2 mm) $600 Substrate $200 Encasing $200 Msc/Manufacturing $588 Prototyping $300 Electrical Circuit $50 Display Electronics $100 Total $2988
REFERENCES • [1] Nyulangone. org. (2017). Types of Cardiac Devices. [online] Available at: http: //nyulangone. org/conditions/cardiacdevice-management-in-adults/types [Accessed 27 Sep. 2017]. • [2] Crespi, A. , Somdahl, S. , Schmidt, C. and Skerstad, P. (2002). Evolution of power sources for implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Fuel and Energy Abstracts, [online] 43(3), p. 191. Available at: http: //www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S 0378775301004992 [Accessed 27 Sep. 2017]. • [3] Kelly, S. and Wyatt, J. (2011). A Power-Efficient Neural Tissue Stimulator With Energy Recovery. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, [online] 5(1), pp. 20 -29. Available at: http: //www. ices. cmu. edu/ndel/Papers/Kelly_TBCAS_2011. pdf A Power-Efficient Neural Tissue Stimulator With Energy Recovery [Accessed 27 Sep. 2017]. [4] A. B. Amar, B. A. Kouki and H. Cao, "Power Approaches for Implantable Medical Devices, " Sensors, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 28889 -28914, 2015. [5] Johns Hopkins Medicine, "Implantable Device Replacement Procedure, " Johns Hopkins Medicine. [Online]. [Accessed 26 September 2017]. [6] D. Borton, "An implantable wireless neural interface for recording cortical circuit dynamics in moving primates. ", " Journal of neural engineering, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 026010, 2013. [7] Y. Yang, X. J. Wei and J. Liu, "Suitability of a termoelectric power generator for implantable medical electronic devices, " Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol. 40, no. 18, p. 5790, 2007. [8] H. Zhang, X. S. Zhang, X. Cheng, Y. Liu, M. Han, X. Xue, S. Wang, F. Yang, S. A. S, H. Zhang and Z. Xu, "A flexible and implantable piezoelectric generator harvesting energy from the pulsation of ascending aorta: in vitro and in vivo studies, " Nano Energy, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 296 -304, 2015. [9] M. K. Kim, M. S. Kim, S. Lee, C. Kim and Y. J. Kim, "Wearable thermoelectric generator for harvesting human body heat energy, " IOP Publishing Ltd, UK, 2014. [10] B. Moorthy, C. Baek, J. E. Wang, C. K. Jeong, S. Moon, K. -I. Park, and D. K. Kim, “Piezoelectric energy harvesting from a PMN–PT single nanowire, ” RSC Adv. , vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 260– 265, 2017. • • W. L. Gore & Associates
REFERENCES • [11] Paul Kreczanik, Pascal Venet, Alaa Hijazi, Guy Clerc , “Study of Supercapacitor Aging and Lifetime Estimation according to voltage, temperature, and RMS Current, " IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 61, no. 9, pp. 4895 -4902, 2014. W. L. Gore & Associates
We would like to thank our sponsors at W. L. Gore & Associates for the support with this project. W. L. Gore & Associates
QUESTIONS? W. L. Gore & Associates
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