Biodiversity Conservation Chapter 7 Section 1 Vocabulary Biodiversity

Biodiversity & Conservation Chapter 7

Section 1 Vocabulary • Biodiversity • Species diversity • Genetic diversity • Ecosystem diversity

Biodiversity • The variety of life across all levels of ecological organization • Includes genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity. • Species diversity – number or variety of species in a particular region • Species share characteristics, similar DNA, and produce fertile offspring.

Classification Every type of organism has two part name. Genus and species Those that are closely related are indicated by same genus name. Subspecies - is a population of organisms that has genetically based characteristics but differ from members of the same species in a different area. • Formed during speciation. • Subspecies can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. • •

Genetic Diversity • • Differences in DNA among individuals within species and populations. Basic materials that allow adaptation to different environments. Populations with greater genetic diversity have better chance of survival. able to cope with environmental changes. Populations with less genetic diversity have poorer chance of survival. not able to adapt to environmental changes susceptible to diseases produce weak or defective offspring

Ecosystem diversity • Number and variety of ecosystems within a given area. • Community types and habitats within a ecosystem. • South Carolina: • Beach • Salt marsh • Pine Forest • Hardwood Forest • Wetlands

Measuring biodiversity • Species are not evenly distributed among groups • By the numbers, insects reign supreme. • 1. 7 to 2 Million species of plants, animals, fungi & microorganisms have been identified. • An estimated 3 to 100 million (5 -30 million) different species actually exist. • Places remain unexplored (Bottom of the ocean ) • Many are tiny and easily overlooked (bacteria & fungi) • hard to identify and tell different species apart.

Patterns of biodiversity • Species are unevenly spread on the Earth. • most concentration of different species is near the equator. • fewer number of species at the poles • Variation pattern caused by latitude – latitudinal gradient • Variation in habitats • Forest support more species than grasslands • Rain forest support more species than deserts

Benefits of Biodiversity Purification of air and water Providing food, fuel, and fiber High levels of biodiversity increase stability of communities and ecosystems Resistant (resist change) and resilient (recover). Creates agricultural plants that carry trails beneficial to humans Uses in medicine and curing diseases (150 most prescribed drugs 118 come from nature • Income from tourism & recreation • Ecotourism – focus on conservation and sustainability • Rain forest of Costa Rica, Great Barrier Reef in Australia, National parks • • •

Section 1 Vocabulary • Biodiversity • The variety of organisms in an area, by species, gene, populations, and communities (aka biological diversity) • Species diversity – • The number or variety of species in the world or in a particular area. • Genetic diversity – • The differences in DNA among individuals within a species or population. • Ecosystem diversity • The number and variety of ecosystems within a particular area.

Section 2 Vocabulary • • • Extirpation Endangered species Threatened species Habitat fragmentation Poaching

Biodiversity at Risk • Human influence on extinctions • Hawaiian islands – ½ bird species • Australia – dozens of large vertebrates • North America – 33 species of large animals

Natural Biodiversity Loss • Extirpation – disappearance of a particular population from a given area but not globally • Background rate of extinction – 1 out of every 1000 species go extinct every 1000 – 10, 000 years. • Mass extinctions have occurred 5 times during Earth’s history killing more than 1/5 of all families and ½ of all species.

At risk. . • Endangered – serious risk of extinction. • Threatened – likely to become endangered soon throughout all or part of its normal range. • In 2009, 1321 species either endangered or threatened. • International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 21% of all mammal species are threatened or endangered.

Causes of biodiversity • Habitat change and loss • clearing land removes food, shelter, other resources • habitat fragmentation - breaks area into suitable habitat surrounded by unsuitable areas • greatest cause of biodiversity loss • decline of 83% threatened animals and 85% of threatened birds • grassland populations declined by 82 -90%

Causes of biodiversity • Invasive species • non native species to an area may push native species to extinction • increase rapidly, spread, and displace native species • may cause billions of dollars in economic damage

Causes of biodiversity • Pollution • introduction of heavy metals, fertilizers, pesticides, and toxic chemicals • pollute air and water – can poison wildlife and people

Causes of biodiversity • Overharvesting • hunting or harvesting a species faster than it can replenish its population • Species of fish – overfishing • poaching – illegal capture of killing of an organism

Causes of biodiversity • Climate change • having global affects on biodiversity • extreme weather patterns can stress populations • warmer temperatures cause changes in migration patterns, reproductive cycles, gender specification • estimate a rise of 1 ½ to 2 degrees Celsius cans 20 -30% of plants and animals at increased rate of extinction

Section 2 Vocabulary • • • Extirpation The disappearance of a particular population from a particular area Endangered species A species that is at serious risk of extinction Threatened species A species that is likely to become endangered throughout all or part of its range Habitat fragmentation The division of a habitat into smaller patches Poaching The illegal capture of killing of an organism

Section 3 Vocabulary • • • Endangered Species Act Captive breeding Species Survival Plan Biodiversity hotspot endemic

Protecting Biodiversity • Endangered Species Act (ESA) – law passed in 1973 for the protection of biodiversity • Part 1 – forbids the harming of a listed species or habitat • Part 2 – forbids trade in products made from listed species • Part 3 – Maintain a list and recovery plan for each species • Successes - 40% of once declining species are now stable

International Cooperation • Treaty – agreement under international law • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) passed in 1975 by 175 member nations. • Biodiversity Treaty (1992) • Conserve Biodiversity • use biodiversity in a sustainable manner • ensure fair distribution of biodiversity’s benefit • 200 nations joined this treaty • US signed by has not been ratified (not a law yet)

Single Species Approach • Conservation programs that target specific, single species or try to protect habitats and ecosystems. • Captive Breeding – process of breeding and raising organisms in controlled conditions to better help survival rates. • Modern zoos and aquariums and botanical gardens • Species Survival plans (SSP) – a plan carried out by zoos and aquariums to protect a species. • AZA (Association of Zoos and Aquariums) has SSP’s for >180 species. • Managed to ensure greatest genetic diversity

Ecosystem & Habitat Approach • Biodiversity hotspots – are that is both supports an extremely high number of endemic species and is rapidly losing biodiversity. • Endemic – species that lives in that area and no other area on Earth. • Must have 1500 plants species (0. 5% of World) • Already lost 70% of habitat as a result of human actions

Added protection • Try to protect economic interests of the local people or area. • Debt for nature swap – raise money to pay off portion of developing nation’s international debt in exchange for funding environmental education, better management of protection area, set aside resources. • Conservation Concession – sell concessions or rights to extract resources or leave them in place. • Suriname - $15 Million dollars to leave sections of rainforest untouched. • Wildlife corridors – protected areas that connect sections of fragmented habitat. • allow populations to mix and interbreed • Panthera Foundation – 8000 km (8 Asian countries) connect tiger habitats • Operation Big Bird – 250 km area to connect Cassowary rainforest habitat

Section 3 Vocabulary • • • Endangered Species Act The major law in the US to protect biodiversity Captive breeding The process of breeding and raising organisms under controlled conditions Species Survival Plan A plan carried out by zoos and aquariums to protect a species Biodiversity hotspot An area that supports a large number of native species Endemic Found only in one area of the world

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