Biodiesel From Edible Inedible Oils 2 nd Biofuel

ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ Biodiesel From Edible & Inedible Oils ( 2 nd Biofuel Generation ) Presented by Prof. Dr. Abdel-Rahman Saleh Ferwanah Chemistry Department Faculty of Science Al-Azhar University-Gaza 2010 1

1 -Edible Oils such as: ®Palm oil ®Coconut Oil ®Babassu Oil ®Rapeseed Oil ®Soybeans Oils ®Sunflower Oil ®Cotton Seed Oil 2 -Inedible Oils such as: ®Jatropha Oil ®Camelina Oil ®Algae Oil 2

Palm Oil Plantation 3

Palm Oil Trees & Seeds 4

Palm Oil & Oil Block Palm oil block showing the lighter colour that results from boiling Palm oil from Ghana with its natural 5 dark colour visible, 2 litres

Coconut Trees & Fruits 6

Babassu. Trees & Fruits 7

Rapeseed Plant, Plantation & Seeds 8

Soybeans Plant, Plntation & Seeds 9

Jatropha Trees & Seeds Oasis in the desert: Jatropha cultivation can halt soil erosion, increase water storage in the soil and transform barren expanses into lush, productive land. 10 D. Fairless , Nature 2007 , 449, 652 -655

Pushpito Ghosh tops up a vehicle that has covered 48, 000 kilometres powered only by jatropha biodiesel. 11 D. Fairless , Nature 2007 , 449, 652 -655

Jatropha Trees & Seeds 12

Drip Irrigation of Jatropha 13

The cogent reasons for cultivation of Jatropha ÜGrow even on marginal/saline/acidic/alkaline soils and slopy lands. ÜDevelop without much care and irrigation. ÜSuit even dry-land farming and survive drought. ÜProvide live hedge for farms to arrest the menace of stray cattle. ÜGenerate rural employment for cultivation, seed collection and processing. ÜNeed hardly any application of pesticide. ÜGenerate net income for 35 -40 ÜImprove soil fertility throughout their life-cycle. ÜProvide fuel wood after 50 years’ life-span. ÜPossess medicinal as well as other multiple uses. ÜCreate green cover for long term ecological benefits. ÜEnhance energy security for the country (biodiesel) 14

Camelina Plant, Plantation & Seeds 15

Algae Ponds & Photosynthetic Reactors Natural Algae Pond 16

Artificial Algae Ponds 17 Algal fuel growing in open ponds in Israel

Algae Photosynthetic Reactors 18

Algae Commercial Production Green. Fuel's high yield algae farms recycle carbon dioxide from flue gases to produce biofuels and feed, reducing net carbon dioxide production as waste becomes profit. Harvesting algae for biofuels enhances domestic fuel production while mitigating CO 2. Why expensively sequester CO 2 when it can be profitably recycled 19

Glycerides C 18: 1 C 16: 0 C 18: 0 Triglycerides C 18: 1 C 16: 0 Triglycerides 1, 3 -diglyceride C 16: 0 1 -monoglyceride Oleic Acid A Zamora, Scientific Psychic, 2005 Glycerol 20

A chart showing various feedstocks and their potential oil yield per acre. (note: g/m 2/day is the harvest rate of the algae and % TAG is the percentage of triglycerides ) N. Hodge, Scientific Psychic, 2005 21

Common Fatty Acids 22 A Zamora, Scientific Psychic, 2005

Fatty acid composition of some common edible fats & oils A Zamora, Scientific Psychic, 2005 23

Transesterfication Vegetable Oils U. Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. , 1998, 9(1), 199 -210 24

Mechanism of the base-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oils U. Schuchardt, R. Sercheli, R. M. Vargas, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. , 1998, 9(1), 199 -210 25

Processing of Vegetable Oils Using Ultrasound q. Hielscher ultrasonic technology The following sonochemical effects can be observed in chemical reactions and processes: ®increase in reaction speed, ®increase in reaction output. ®more efficient energy usage. ®switching of reaction pathway, ®performance improvement of PTC. ®avoidance of phase transfer catalysts. ®use of crude or technical reagents. ®activation of metals and solids. Ultrasonic Reactor ®increase in the reactivity of reagents or catalysts. 26

Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication 27

Biodiesel Conversion Using Ultasonication (continuous processing) 28

Biodiesel Powered Commercial Jet Flights 29

Virgin Airlines: First Biodiesel Test Flight Feb. 25, 2008 Virgin Atlantic flew for 40 min. Boeing 747 -400 from London to Amsterdam with one engine partially powered by palm oil (20% Coconut & Babassu) oils, & 80% regular jet fuel (kerocene). 30 Autopia from wired. com

Green Gold in Shrub Dece. 30, 2008 Air New Zealand, Boeing 747 -400 burned a 50 -50 blend of regular jet fuel and a bio-version made of jatropha -and the first jet to use biofuel refined from a non-food crop. 31 Sci. Am. com

U. S. Biofuel Flight Relies on Weeds and Pond Scum Jan. 07/2009 Continental jet 516 -a two engiene Boing 737 -800 took off today in Houston with one of its two engines powered by a 50 -50 blend of jet biofuel (Jatphora & Algae) and petroleum-based kerosene completed two hours test flight. 32 Sci. Am. com

JAL Flight Brings Aviation One Step Closer to Using Biofuel Jan. 30, 2009, Japan Airlines demonstated successful biodiesel test flight using mainly camelina. JAL jet 747 -300 used in the test flight 50% blend biodfuel and jet fuel A. It was also the first demo flight using acombinaion of three sustainable 33 biofuels made of (84% camelina, 16% jatropha and less than 1% algae). JCN: Japan Cooperate News

Acknowledgment • I would like to thank: • 1. Dr. Hany Farwanah for sending via e- mail over 30 research papers. • 2. Dr. Mohammed Ferwanah for typing and organizing this lecture. 34