Biodiesel Feed Stock Production Technology BIODIESEL CONCEPT Diesel

Biodiesel Feed Stock, Production Technology

BIODIESEL CONCEPT Diesel (Petroleum derived) Oil When Substituted Partly or Wholly by a Liquid Fuel Derived from Renewable Resource Materials Rudolf Diesel First Demonstrated in 1900 that Renewable Resource Material like Groundnut (Peanut) oil as a Fuel in Diesel Engine in Place of Petroleum Diesel Without any Problem.

Biodiesel The present Concept Conversion of Oils/Fats to Alkyl Esters of Monohydric Alcohols to overcome Problems of High Viscosity, High Boiling Point and Reactivity make Biodiesel is Now Defined Exclusively as the ‘Monoalkyl’ Esters of the Long Chain Fatty Acids Derived from the Oils/Fats of Vegetable and Animal Origins that Fulfill almost all the Requirements of Petroleum-

BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK (A) Oils & Fats of Plant And Animal Origins (B) Refinery byproducts like (1) Fatty Acid Distillates (FADs) (Palm FADs). (2)Acid Oils (Soyabean, Rice bran, Coconut, Mustard). (C) Used Oils Like Frying Oils.

CPO MILLING

TRADITIONAL COCONUT OIL PRODUCTION

separations Triglyceride

LABORATORY SCALE PRODUCTION

ESTERIFICATION The reaction+ of fatty acid with an alcohol produces ester and Alcohol Acid Ester + Water water. The esters can be separated from the water because they have low solubility in it. Esters can be produced under conditions of low or high temperature and the crude product is distilled, bleached and deodorised as appropriate before a pure ester is produced.

CATALYST üChemical catalyst process üBiocatalyst process

Chemical Catalyst Process One Step Process with a Base Catalyst like Sodium Hydroxide or Potassium Hydroxide or their Alkoxides when the Oils/Fats are Refined (RBD). Two-Step Process on oils Containing FREE FATTY ACIDS (I) Esterification with Conc. H 2 SO 4, H 3 PO 4 (ii) Transesterification with a base catalyst Na. OH, KOH or High Pressure Esterification and Alcoholysis for straight way conversion to Biodiesel.

One-Step Biocatalyst Process for Biodiesel Production Simultaneous Esterification And Transesterification (Alcoholysis) of Triglyceride Oils. Esterification Lipase R. COOH + Me. OH R. COOMe + H 2 O

TRANSESTERIFICATION CH 2 OCOR CH 2 OH Lipase CHOCOR + 3 Me. OH 3 R. COOMe + CHOH CH 2 OCOR CH 2 OH Lipase Candida Cylindraceae, Candida Rugosa, Candida Antartica & Lipase 3 A (1, 3 -specific lipase)

Chemical Process For Biodiesel Production A. Single Stage or Direct Transesterification (Alcoholysis) Process. Refined or Neutral Oil (< 1. 5% F. F. A. ) + Alcohol (Methanol) 1. 6 -2 Times

Theoretical Amount Base Catalyst 500 C-700 C KOH OR Na. OH 4 -6 Hr. 0. 3 -1. 5% or Na. OMe 0. 5% or Less ALKYL ESTER PRODUCT Necessary Post-Treatment BIODIESEL (95% yield of 97% purity)

B. TWO-STAGE (COMBINED ESTERIFICATION AND TRANSESTERIFICATION) PROCESS. 1 st STAGE ESTERIFICATION PROCESS Acid Catalyst + Alcohol (1. 6 -2 Times (Conc. H 2 SO 4 the Th. Amount) 0. 1 -1% on F. F. A 1000 -1200 C/10 -12 hrs. Basis Or 600 C/4 -5 hrs. Or 350 C/2 hrs. 1 -2 hrs. Ester Phase Glycerol Phase

2 nd STAGE TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS ESTER PHASE Base Reflux Or at 600 C Catalyst For 0. 5 -6 hrs. Alkyl Ester Phase Glycerol Phase Purification Acidified Final Ester Biodiesel Glycerol Phase Acidic Esters Purification

AUTOCATALYTIC ESTERIFICATION PROCESS Acidic Oils (>5% FFA) Or Acid Oils (>50% FFA) Esterifying Agent 1800 C-2200 C Like Glycerol 2 -6 Torr, (Theoretical Or 6 -12 hrs 20 -60% Excess Over theoretical Neutral Oil Transesterification Process Methyl Ester Purification Biodiesel Glycerol (Recycled in the Esterification)

TRANSESTERIFICATION WITH SUPERCRITICAL METHANOL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION Oil + Methanol (1: 42 ) 300 -5000 C 300 Atmospheres Times 3 -4 minutes Methyl Esters (98% Conversion)

Biodiesel By Blending of Vegetable Oil With Short Chain Alcohol and an Amphiphilic Compound Vegetable Oil 1 -ALKANOL Methanol Or Ethanol Stable Solution (Liquid) (With Viscosity Sufficiently low for use as Diesel Fuel)

BIODIESEL STANDARDS Linolenic Acid Methanol Content Monoglycerides Diglycerides Triglycerides Free Glycerol Total Glycerol Alkali Metals Alkali Earth Metals Phosphorus Content < 12% < 0. 02% > 1. 0 > 0. 25 < 0. 02 < 0. 38 < 5 ppm < 10 ppm

FEEDSTOCK • • MINYAK NABATI KW 1 (FFA <5%) MINYAKNABATI KW 2 (FFA > 5%, <20%) MINYAK NABATI KW 3 (FFA>20, <70%) PFAD (FFA >70%) PROSES KIMIA • Esterifikasi • Transesterifikasi

Teknologi proses FEEDSTOCK METHANOL Process conditions è High temperature è Medium temperature è Low temperature + Catalyst è Low temperature + Enzyme BIODIESEL GLYCEROL / WATER 150 o. C > 100 – 130 o. C 50 – 80 o. C + Catalyst 30 – 50 o. C + Enzyme

Examples (Batch Reaction) Oil FFA(%) Yield of Methyl Ester(%) Crude Palm Oil 4. 5 96 Crude Palm Stearin 3. 8 98 Rapeseed 3. 2 95 Sunflower 3. 5 94 Coconut 1. 5 98 Palm Kernel 3. 2 98 Soya bean 1. 3 95 Corn 9. 6 96 Tallow 3. 9 93

FUEL CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL ESTERS OF VARIOUS VEGETABLE OILS CHARACTERISTICS TESTED METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE HEATING ESTER 150 C 400 C NUMBER VALUE PALM OIL 0. 872 -0. 877 4. 3 -4. 5 64. 3 -70 32. 4 MJ/L COCONUT 0. 872 2. 7 62. 7 30. 8 MJ/L

METHYL DENSITY VISCOSITY CETANE ESTER 150 C 400 C NUMBER HEATING VALUE RAPESEED (LEAR) 0. 882 4. 2 51. 0 -59. 7 32. 8 MJ/L SUNFLOWER 0. 885 4. 0 61. 2 32. 8 MJ/L SOYABEAN 0. 880 4. 0 45. 7 -56 32. 7 MJ/L 0. 830 -0. 840 2. 0 -3. 5 51. 0 35. 5 MJ/L TYPICAL DIESEL FUEL