Biochemistry Notes Carbon Organic molecules contain carbon Carbon
Biochemistry Notes
Carbon • Organic molecules contain carbon. • Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding. •
Carbohydrates • Organic compound made up of C, H & O • Store and release energy • Monosaccharide (glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6, fructose) • Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides (glucose + fructose = sucrose) • Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen) - food storage and cell structures – Glycogen - animal cells – Starch - plant energy – Cellulose-plant cell struct.
Polysaccharide
Cellulose in a Plant
Lipids • Monomers are fatty acids • Ex. – fats, oils, & phospholipids in cell membranes • Non-polar - insoluble in water • Structure – 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
Lipid function Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell structure (lipid bi -layer/cell membrane)
Saturated Fatty Acid • • Solid at room temperature • Bad for heart • Meat, butter • Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are linked with single bonds in fatty acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid • Liquid at room temperature • Good for your heart • Olive oil, nuts, fish. • Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon atoms have double bonds in fatty acid chain.
Proteins provide structure (skin, hair, cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell metabolism (enzymes) The shape determines function Monomer—amino acids Linked together by peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)
Protein Structure • Primary – amino acid sequence • Secondary - hydrogen bonding between a. a. ’s – causes twisting; 2 -D shape • Tertiary - additional folding – functional protein; 3 -D shape • Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide) chains – complex
Primary Structure Secondary Teritary Quaternary
Nucleic Acids • Macromolecule that stores and transfers genetic material • Made up of nucleotides – made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base • DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA: ribonucleic acid
Nucleotides
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