Biochemistry Molecular Biology Outline Biochemistry and function of
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Outline ► Biochemistry and function of macromolecules and their derivatives ► Structure, properties, function of amino acid and protein ► Energy metabolism ► Metabolic pathway of small molecule ► Biosynthesis and degradation of macromolecule ► Gene expression ► Genetic engineering technology
Carbohydrate ► Definition § Polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones ► Structure
Carbohydrate ► Sources and function § �������� : starch, glycogen § ����� : cellulose, chitin, murein § �������� : mucopolysaccharides (chondrotin sulfate) § ������ : ribose, deoxyribose § �� : cardiac glycoside (digoxin)
Carbohydrate ► Classification § Monosaccharide § Oligosaccharide § Polysaccharide
Oligosaccharide ► Disaccharide § Maltose § Sucrose § lactose ► Oligosaccharide ����� 3 ������� glycoprotein
Polysaccharide ► ���� § Homopolysaccharide: starch, glycogen, cellulose § Heteropolysaccharide: glycoprotein, glycoaminoglycans ► ������� § ���������
Glycoaminoglycan ► ����� mucopolysaccharide ► ������� peptide = peptidoglycan ► ������� protein =proteoglycan ► ������� § Ground substance § ���� cell ��� bacteria
Glycoprotein ► ��� protein ���� oligosaccharide ������ ► ������� § Structural molecule : bone matrix , fibrin § Transport molecules for vit, mineral, lipid § Cell attachment&recognition site § Immunologic molucule: Ig, complement § Enzyme § Lubricants&protective agents § Lectin (����� agglutination)
CBH metabolism ► Digestion § Mouth&intestine ► Absorption § Small intestine ► Lactase deficiency ► Pancreatitis ► Parotitis
CBH pathway (glucose( ► Glycolysis ► Gluconeogenesis ► Cori cycle ► Pentose phosphate pathway ► Glycogenolysis ► Glycogenesis
Glycolysis ► ������ cytoplasm ��� cell ► ��� product ���� pyruvate ► Anaerobic condition (lactate dehydrogenase) ► Aerobic condition (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
Gluconeogenesis ► ������ liver and kidney ► Substrate § Lactate § Pyruvate § Glycerol § Oxaloacetate
Cori cycle muscle lactate glucose liver
Pentose phosphate pathway ► ���� pathway ����� RBC § G 6 PD ► �� cell ��������� ribose 6 phosphate
Glycogenolysis VS Glycogenesis ► �������� liver and muscle ► Regulation § Glucagon § Epinephrine § Insulin
Lipid ► ��� ���������� ► Classification § Simple lipid : natural fat, oil, wax § Compound lipid : phospholipid, glycolipid, sphingolipid § Derived lipid : monoacylglyceral, diacylglyceral § Miscellaneous lipid : steroid
Fatty acid ► ��� aliphatic carboxylic acid ► Classification § Saturated fatty acid § Unsaturated fatty acid ►Monounsaturated ►Polyunsaturated: trans > cis ►Eicosanoid : prostanoid, leukotriene
Essential fatty acid ► Linoleic acid ► Linolenic acid ► Arachidonic acid ► ���� substrate ��� eicosanoid cascade
Major type of lipid in animal tissue ► Triglyceride ► Wax ► Phospholipid ► Sphingolipid ► Steroid
Phospholipid ► Amphipathic compound ► ������� § Major component of cell membrane § Surfactant (phosphatidylcholine) § Major component of lipoprotein
Sphingolipid ► Major component of membrane lipids ► Subclassification § Sphingomyelin § Cerebrocide § ganglioside
Steroid ► Cholesterol § Temperature buffer of Cell membrane § Bile acid § Hormone ► Ergosterol § ������������ vit D ����� ► Anti-imflammatory agent
Lipid metabolism ► Digestion § Mouth & Stomach § Duodenum § Small intestine ► Absorption § Micelles § Small and medium chain fatty acid, glycerol
Lipid circulation ► Chylomicron ► VLDL ► HDL ► HMG Co. A reductase
Fatty acid metabolism ► ������ mitochondrial matrix ► Carnitine ► β-oxidation ► Ketogenesis ����� starvation ������ acetoacetate ������� blood-brain barrier § DKA
Clinical relevance ► Bile duct obstruction ► Pancreatic duct obstruction ► Small intestine disease ► Hyperlipidemia
Protein ► ������� § Enzyme § Peptide hormone § Toxin § Structural protein § Storage protein § Protective protein § Transport protein § Contractile protein § Coagulation factor
Essential amino acid ► Arginine ► Phenylalanine ► Isoleucine ► Tryptophan ► Threonine ► Lysine ► Leucine ► Valine ► Histidine ► Methionine ������� amino acid. 1 building block. 2 cellular signal (GABA(. 3 neurotransmitter (dopamine(. 4 inflammatory mediator (histamine(. 5 hormone (thyroxine(
Protein ► Primary structure (linear) ► Secondary structure § Alpha-helix § Beta-plated sheet ► Tertiary structure § Fibrous § Globular ► Quaternary structure (subunit)
Enzyme ► ��������� ���� § ������ enzyme ��� substrate ►First-order reaction ►Zero-order reaction § Temperature § p. H
Term ► Km (��� = substrate ������ enzyme ����� ► Vmax (��� = enzyme ����� ► Enzyme inhibitor § Isosteric VS allosteric inhibitor § Irreversible inhibitor § Reversible inhibitor Km ►Competitive inhibitor (AS) ↑ ►Non-competitive inhibitor (NS) ↔ ►Uncompetitive inhibitor (ES) ↓↓ Vmax ↔ ↓
Protein matabolism ► Digestion § Stomach § Pancreatic juice ► Absorption § Amino acid only
Amino acid metabolism ► Removal of amino acid nitrogen § Transamination (AST, ALT) § Deamination (glutamate dehydrogenase) § Product ��� NH 4+ and carbon skeleton
Detoxification of NH 4+ ► Peripheral tissue § Skeletal muscle ������ NH 4+ ������ alanine § Other tissue ������ NH 4+ ������ glutamine ► Liver § ������� amino acid ������� NH 4+ ������� urea cycle ��������� urea ������� urine
Electron transport ► Complex I (NADH) ► Complex II (FADH 2) ► Complex III ► Complex IV (ATP synthase complex) ► Inhibitor § Complex III amobarbital rotenone antimycin A cyanide CO H 2 S
Nucleic acid ► Nucleoside § base+sugar ► Nucleotide § Base+sugar+phosphate ► Nucleic acid § Polymer (monomer ��� nucleotides) § Genetic material
Phosphate PO 43 - Sugar • Ribose • Deoxyribose Nitrogenous base ► Purine § Adenine § Guanine ► Pyrimidine § Thymine § Cytosine § Uracil
Nucleotide ►������� §. 1���� building block ����� Nucleic acid § 2. ��������� (ATP, AMP, GTP) ��������� § 3. ���� secondary massenger (c. AMP) § 4. ���� coenzyme (NAD+) § 5. ������ (Adenosine , acido thymidine , lamivudine)
RNA ► Ribosomal RNA ► Messenger RNA ► Transfer RNA Nucleoprotein • Nucleic acid+protein • Chromosome • Ribosome
Term ► Chromosome ► Nucleosome ► Histone ► Non histone protein Clinical relevance • Gout result from purine metabolism disorder
������ 5’ ACUGGCCAACAGA 3’
Gene expression Replication DNA Transcription Translation RNA Protein
Replication ► Helicases unwind the DNA duplex ► Primase makes an RNA primer (5’ – 3’) § Leading strand § Lagging strand , Okazaki fragments ► DNAP I remove and replace RNA primer ► DNA ligase join the end together
Transcription ► Binding (specific promoter sequences) ► Initiation ► Elongation ► Termination (hairpin loop) ► After transcription process § Cap at 5’ end (7 -methylguanine) § Poly A tail at 3’ end § RNA splicing (remove intron)
Mutation ► Substitution § Transition § Transversion ► Insertion or deletion § Frameshift mutation • Missense • Nonsense • Silent
Genetic engineering technology ► Southern blot (DNA) (restriction endonuclease( ► Northern blot (RNA) (restriction endonuclease( ► Western blot (Protein) (antibody( ► PCR (DNA+primer+d. NTP+DNAP( ► DNA fingerprint (polymorphisms) (restriction fragment length polymorphism(
Quiz
. 1������ 3 �� ��������� ��� kwarsiokor �������� amino acid ������ a. Threonine b. Tryptophan c. Methionine d. Aspartic acid e. Phenyl alanine
. 2��������� ���������� ethanol ��������������� ��� ethanol ��� �. Product inhibitor �. Allosteric inhibitor �. Irreversible inhibitor �. Competitive inhibitor �. Feedback inhibitor
. 3�������� deep tendon reflex ����� metabolic pathway ����� a. glycolysis b. Kreb’s cycle c. Glucogenesis d. Glycogenesis e. Oxidative
. 4�������� acute lymphoblastic leukemia ����������� uric acid ��� metabolism ������� a. heme b. purine c. pyrimidine d. amino acid e. glucoronide
. 6��� ���������� ������� a. micelle b. chylomicron c. cholesterol d. fatty acid e. monoglycerine
. 8������� bile salt ������������� a. bilirubin b. lecithin c. fatty acid d. triglyceride e. cholesterol
. 10������� 50 �� ������������ 2 ������������ Hb 8 g/dl Hct 24% WBC 6000 N 75%L 25% platelet 200000 MCV 80 f. L reticulocyte 1%creatinine 5 ������������������������ a. Folic acid b. Erythropoietin c. Thyroid hormone d. Cyanocobalamine
. 11������ 5 �� ������������ �� ������������� platelet 200, 000/ cu. mm. ������������ a. Deamination of alanine b. Hydroxylation of proline c. Phosphorylation of serine d. Glycosylation of hemoglobin e. Carboxylation of glutamic acid
. 12������� 30 �� ���� thalassemia ����������� serum glucose 140 ���������� a. Insulinitis b. Pancreatitis c. �� amyloid ���� d. Hemochronatosis
. 13 N-acetylcystein������� paracetalmol toxicity ����������� ��� liver a. N-acetylation b. N-hydroxylation c. sulfer conjugate d. glutathione conjugate e. glucolonide conjugate
. 14������� 40�� ������ first metatarsophalangeal joint , serum uric acid �������� a. ������� gout b. ���������� pyrimidine salvage pathway c. ������� nucleic acid ��� d. ������ acidosis ���
. 16 Pathway �������� RBC a. Urea cycle b. Kreb’s Cycle c. Beta oxidation d. Lactose fermentation e. Glycolysis
. 19��� 45 �� ������ ��� MTP jt. ������� uric 8. 2 mg/dl ������� metabolism ����� a. purine b. protein c. glucose d. cholesterol e. pyrimidine
. 20���������� mutatuion ����������. . ATGCCAAA. . ������ DNA probe ������ �. UUUGGCAU �. UACGGUUU �. TTTGGCAT �. TACGGTTT �. TTTGGUAT
. 23��� ����� 2 �� ��� Vit ����. 1 thiamine. 2 folate. 3 Riboflavin. 4 B 12. 5 niacin
. 25������� 5 �� ������� down syndrome ����� karyotype ��� 46, XY ����������. 1 deletion. 2 mosaicsm. 3 translocation. 4 somatic mutation. 5 undetected trisomy
. 26���� 25 �� �������� ������������� ������������. 1 paraquat. 2 organophosphate. 3 ethylene glycol. 4 arsenical compound. 5 sodium hypochlorite
. 27 lipid ��������� a. cholesterol b. sphingolipid c. phospholipids d. fatty acyl e. triglyceride
. 28������� 25 �� ������ potassium cyanide ����������� cyanide poisoning ������� a. glycolysis b. Kreb’s c. Electron transport chain d. phosphooxidative
. 29����� Paraquat ���� superoxide ������ cell injury������� ��������� O 2 free radical ( a. B 1 Thiamine b. B 6 c. A (Retinoic acid ( d. C (Ascorbic acid ( e. B 5 Panthetoic acid
- - -. 30 GCSCGG - - -���� - - - GCCGG- - - ���������� a. non sense b. missense c. frame shift d. silence
. 31������� 25 �� ����������� �� 3 ��� CBC; Hb 10 WBC 7, 000 Plt 300, 000 Reticulocyte 7% MCV 92 ����� a. iron def b. B 12 def c. Hemolytic anemia d. Hepoglobinopathy e. Post hemorrahagic anemia
. 32������ 50 �� ���� gout ������� allopurinol �������� enz �� 1. xanthine oxidase 2. adenine deaminase 3. guanine deaminase 4. adenine phosphoribosyltransferase 5. guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
. 33 Carnitine ����������� ��� 1. glucose 2. glycogen 3. amino acid 4. fatty acid 5. triglyceride
34. Metabolism ��� CBH 100 gm , protein 20 g, lipid 25 g �������� 1. 300 kcal 2. 500 kcal 3. 700 kcal 4. 900 kcal 5. 1100 kcal
. 35������� 5 �� ������� down syndrome ����� karyotype ��� 46, XY ����������. 1 deletion. 2 mosaicsm. 3 translocation. 4 somatic mutation. 5 undetected trisomy
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