Biochemistry Macromolecules Unit 02 Organic Compounds Compounds that
Biochemistry Macromolecules Unit 02
Organic Compounds ● Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
What is Carbon? ● Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. ● Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). ● Usually with C, H, O or N. ● Example: CH 4(methane)
Macromolecules ● Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Macromolecules, con’t. ● ● Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
How are macromolecules formed?
Answer: Dehydration Synthesis ● Also called “condensation reaction” ● Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”
How are macromolecules separated or digested?
Answer: Hydrolysis ● Separates monomers by “adding water”
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates ● Carbohydrates include small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. ● Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Monosaccharide: one sugar unit 1 C: 2 H: 1 H ratio Examples: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6) Deoxyribose Ribose Fructose Galactose
Carbohydrates: Disaccharides Disaccharide: ● two sugar unit Examples: ● Sucrose (glucose+fructose) ● Lactose (glucose+galactose) ● Maltose (glucose+glucose)
Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides Polysaccharide: - many sugar units Examples: - starch (bread, potatoes) ● glycogen (stored in liver) ● cellulose (lettuce, corn)
Function of Carbohydrates ● Quick source of energy ● Energy storage ● Structure (cellulose)
Carbohydrates: Energy Source ● Main source of energy for most organisms ● Cells utilize glucose for energy ● Breaking of C-C bonds releases a lot of energy ● Sugars have 5 C-C bonds per glucose molecule
Carbohydrates: Energy Source ● Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis ● Animals obtain glucose from plants ● Human digestive system breaks down carbohydrates to simple sugars ● Small intestine absorbs simple sugars and blood transports them to cells ● Cells use glucose to form ATP (Cellular Respiration)
Carbohydrates: Energy Storage ● Animals ● Extra glucose is stored as glycogen ● Liver and muscle cells ● Plants ● Stored as starch
Carbohydrates: Structure Structural Unit ● Cellulose is made up of glucose molecules ● Makes up cell walls of plants ● Uses ● Support plants ● Important in animal diets by helping digestive tract work smoothly ● Fun Fact ● Animals lack the enzyme to digest cellulose ● Some animals have a symbiotic relationship with a microorganism
Lipids
Lipids ● Compounds which are not soluble in water. ● “Stores the most energy” ● Examples: ● Fats/Oils ● Phospholipids ● Steroids
Lipids: Fats/Oils Structure of Fat/Oil ● Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are insoluble.
Lipids: Fats/Oils Saturated Fats ● All single bonds ● Solids ● Animal Fat Unsaturated Fats ● 1+ double bond(s) ● Liquids ● Fish and Plant Oils
Lipid: Phospholipid ● Phosphate Head: ● Polar ● Hydrophilic (attracted to water) ● Two Fatty Acid Tails: ● Nonpolar ● Hydrophobic (avoids water) ● Two Layers ● Outsides: Polar Heads ● Inside: Nonpolar Tails
Cell Membrane Structure ●Lipid Bilayer: a double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane
Other lipids ● Lipids ● Fatty acids ● Fats and waxes ● Steroids ● ● Cholesterol Testosterone ● Phospholipids
Lipids: Functions of lipids ● Long term energy storage ● Protection against heat loss (insulation) ● Protection against water loss ● Cutin (waxy coating on leaf) prevents water loss ● Chemical messengers (hormones) ● Major component of membranes (phospholipids)
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.
Nucleic acids • Nucleotides include Phosphate group Pentose sugar (5 -carbon) Nitrogenous bases Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) DNA only Uracil (U) RNA only 30
Nucleic Acids ● Two types ● Deoxyribonucleic acid ● DNA ● Sugar: Deoxyribose ● Double helix ● Ribonucleic acid ● RNA ● Sugar: Ribose ● Single strand
DNA double helix O 5 P 3 3 5 O C G 1 P 3 2 4 4 P 5 P 2 3 1 O T A 3 O 3 5 O 5 P P 32
Function of Nucleic Acids ● Stores and transmit information in the form of a code ● Passes this information from one generation to the next
Proteins
Proteins ● Primary Structure ● Amino acids (20 different kinds) ● Bound together by peptide bonds ● Straight chains
Proteins: Functions Shape of protein determines its function Functions of Proteins ● ● ● Storage: Transport: Regulatory: Movement: Structural: Enzymes: albumin (egg white) hemoglobin hormones muscles membranes, hair, nails cellular reactions
Proteins: Fun Facts ● Essential Amino Acids: 8 of the 20 AA must be obtained from diet because humans cannot make them ● Different organisms need different amino acids ● Domestic cats must eat taurine, however humans can produce it.
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