Biochemistry Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Vocabulary Monomer Polymer
Biochemistry Chapter 3
Chapter 3 Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Condensation reaction Hydrolysis Adenosine triphosphate • Carbohydrate • Monosaccharide • • • • Disaccharide Polysaccharide Protein Amino acid Substrate Fatty acid Triglyceride Steroid
Carbon Compounds • Two broad categories of compounds – Organic – Inorganic • Organic compounds – made primarily of carbon atoms • Most matter in living organisms is made up of organic compounds
Functional Groups • Functional groups - is the portion of an organic molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the molecule's properties. – Clusters of atoms – Influence the characteristics of molecules
Functional Groups
Large Carbon Molecules • Monomers – small, simple molecules • Polymers – monomers bonded to one another to form repeated, linked units • Macromolecules – large polymers
Formation of Large Carbon Molecules • Condensation reaction – when monomers link to form polymers, resulting in the release of a water molecule • Hydrolysis – when water is used to break down a polymer. The reverse of a condensation reaction.
Energy Currency • Life’s processes require a constant supply of energy. • Energy is available in certain compounds • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an important energy supplier • ATP used by the cell to drive the chemical reactions that allow the cell to function.
Macromolecules • You are responsible for explaining the type of macromolecule to the class – Carbohydrates – Lipids – Nucleic Acids – Proteins
Self Quiz • How do carbon molecules form? • How do they break down? • What are the 4 functional groups we discussed in class? • What do they look like? • What is ATP?
Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates – organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. • Ratio 1: 2: 1 (C: H: O) • Source of energy • Structural materials
Carbohydrates • Three types: – Monosaccharides – Disaccharides – Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides • • Simple sugar Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen General formula (CH 2 O)n Most common are: – Glucose – Fructose – Galactose – Have same chemical formula but different structures, known as isomers
Disaccharides and Polysaccharides • Disaccharide – a double sugar – Fructose + glucose = sucrose • Polysaccharide – a complex molecule of three or more monosaccharides – Glycogen – the form of glucose that animals store – Starch – the form of glucose that plants store • Cellulose – a large polysaccharide that gives plant cells strength and rigidity.
Proteins • Proteins – organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. • Formed from monomers called amino acids
Amino Acids • 20 different amino acids (a. a. ) • Share a basic structure – Central carbon – 4 functional groups
Dipeptides and Polypeptides • Dipeptide – two amino acids bonded • Peptide bond – formed by a condensation reaction. Two amino acids form a covalent bond. • Polypeptide – long chains of amino acids
Enzymes • Enzymes – RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts • Are essential for the functioning of the cell • Many enzymes are proteins
Enzyme Reactions • Depend on physical fit between enzyme and substrate • Substrate – the reactant being catalyzed • Active site – where the substrate fits on the enzyme • Enzymes are substrate specific • Link of enzyme and substrate causes slight change in enzyme shape
Lipids • Lipids – large, nonpolar organic molecules • Lipids do not dissolve in water • Types of lipids: – Triglycerides – Phospholipids – Steroids – Waxes – Pigments
Fatty Acids • Fatty acid – unbranched hydrocarbon chains that make up most lipids • Hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends • Saturated and unsaturated – Saturated – only single bonds, carbons full – Unsaturated – double bonds, carbons not full
Triglycerides • Triglyceride – composed of three molecules of fatty acid joined to one molecule of glycerol – Saturated • Ex. butter – Unsaturated • Ex. Plant seeds
Phospholipids • Phospholipids – have two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol and a phosphate group attached to the glycerol. • Phospholipid bilayer – makes up the cell membrane
Waxes and Steroids • Wax – a type of structural lipid – A long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. – Waterproof, protective coating • Steroids – composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups – Cholesterol is an important one
Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids – very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer information in the cell • Two major types – DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – RNA – ribonucleic acid
DNA and RNA • DNA contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism • RNA stores and transfers information from DNA. • Some RNA molecules can act as enzymes • DNA and RNA are polymers composed of nucleotides • Nucleotide – Phosphate group – Five-carbon sugar – Nitrogenous base
Self Quiz • What are three components of a nucleotide? • How many amino acids are there? • What are three types of carbohydrates? • What does it mean that enzymes are substrate specific? • What are the two main types of nucleic acids?
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