Biochemical Clinical Analyzes Clinical Analysis Clinical analysis includes
Biochemical (Clinical) Analyzes
Clinical Analysis • Clinical analysis includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of various biological materials in order to benefit from the diagnosis of diseases. • For this purpose, blood, urine, spinal fluid and, less frequently, stomach, duodenum and intestinal fluids and amniotic fluid, saliva, sweat etc. are used as an example and the results of the analysis are referred as laboratory findings.
Biological material • Serum: After the clot formation, the blood is called the remaining fluid. • Plasma: After taking the blood in tube with anticoagulant and centrifugation process, the remaining liquid is plasma. • Buffy coat is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the white blood cells and platelets following density gradient centrifugation of the blood.
Sample Collection • A large number of factors related to the collection of samples can affect the results of the experiments and, indirectly, the validity of the results.
1) Points to note before sampling: • Nutritional way, • The condition of the disease and the medicines it takes in the disease, • The severity of muscle exercises, • When the analysis material is received at what time of day, • When the blood is taken, the shape of the patient's posture, • Pregnancy, • Gender and age.
2) Steps for taking the sample: • The shape of the patient's stance, • The type of material used to clean the skin, • The choice of appropriate vessel, the possibility of venous occlusion, • No blood hemolysis are important issues to be aware of when taking blood.
2) Steps for taking the sample: • If the blood is taken from the capillary vessels, a capillary tube is taken. If the serum is to be obtained, the blood from the vasculature will be slowly emptied so that no clean hemp is present. • For this, the needle is removed from the injector, the blood is emptied without gushing and air leaking. Serum is expected to leave itself. • If plasma is to be obtained, the blood is taken on an anticogulant (oxalate, EDTA), the tube is rotated very slowly to mix the blood.
Laboratory Solutions • The processes performed in the biochemistry laboratories are practiced together. • So we need to prepare the solution, know the solution concentrations and convert them to each other.
• Molar solution: It is a solution containing 1 mole or 1 mole of dissolved substance in liters. • Molarity (M), the number of moles of dissolved substance in liters of solvent. mol liter = Molarity
• Normal solution: it is a solution containing 1 g of hydrogen or equivalent which can be ionized or displaced in the litter. Normality (N) represents the equivalent number of dissolved substance in liters of solvent. N = M x TD
• Percent Weight / Volume (w / v): indicates the weight in grams of soluble solute in 100 ml of solution. To prepare a percent solution of a solid material, the desired g of material is dissolved in sufficient amount of solvent to 100 ml. • For example, to prepare 10% Na. OH, 10 g Na. OH is dissolved in distilled water in sufficient amount and diluted to 100 ml with distilled water. • A liquid material by weight of percent solution is prepared by diluting to obtain the desired percent.
• The following equation is used to prepare more dilute solutions by moving from concentrated solutions: V 1 x C 1 = V 2 x C 2 • For example: Prepare 5% 20 m. L HCI using 50% HCI? • Answer: 50% x V 1 = 20 x 5% V 1 = 2 m. L Take 2 m. L of 50% HCI solution and dilute to 20 m. L with distilled water.
• Percent mg (mg): refers to the weight of the solute in mg in 100 ml of solution. Clinical laboratory results are often expressed in mg. • For example, 80 mg blood glucose means 80 mg glucose per 100 ml of blood.
• Some electrolytes are given in m. Eq / L instead of mg in the clinic. The following equation is used for the required transformation: (mg concentration x 10 x valence) atomic weight = m. Eq / L
Analysis Methods • Qualitative analyzes: analysis to measure quantities of substances in a mixture. • Gravimetry, volumetry, spectroscopic methods are examples. • The blood sugar test, biuret experiment we used in the biochemistry laboratory can be given as example.
Analysis Methods • Qualitative analysis: analysis is an analysis to understand what is happening in the mix. • Cation and anion analyzes and mass spectrophotometers are the examples for qulitative analysis. • Protein screening in urine, Nylander experiment, Moore experiment can be given as examples.
References • Biyokimya pratik föyü, 2004. • Tietz, Klinik Kimyada Temel İlkeler, Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, 5. baskıdan çeviri, Çeviren Prof. Dr. Diler Aslan, 2005, Palme Yayıncılık.
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