Biobased Technologies Janie Fouke May 1 1998 Employment

Biobased Technologies Janie Fouke May 1, 1998

Employment in Bioengineering z. Pharmaceutical Industry z. Medical Device Industry z. Biotechnology Industry

Biotechnology Industry Trends z. Employment of 140, 000 people: up 19% (1996 to 1997) z. Sales of $13 B: up 20% (1996 -1997) z. University royalties: 80% of $242 M earned in 1996 in biological/medical sciences z. Companies rank in top five for R&D expenditures per employee (1995) z. Sources (Bio Report, June 1998; Business Week 1995 R&D Scoreboard)

Medical Technology Market z. World wide market for medical devices and diagnostic products: $120 B (USD) z. Single largest market: U S $58 B

Product segments z. Commodity disposables z. Technology-intensive therapeutic devices z. Imaging equipment

Import/Export for United States z. Manufacturing balance of trade not generally positive z. Medical device sector +$ 7. 1 B z. Rapid growth rate y 1989: $ 5. 5 B y 1997: $13. 7 B

Employment Picture (US) z. Medical device manufacturers registered with Food and Drug Administration: 7, 000 z. Average # employees: ~ 40 people z. Salaries: >>>$$$

Social Impact of Permanent and Interventional Devices z. Pacemakers/Defibrillators z. Heart valves z. Vascular grafts z. Intraocular lenses z. Hip prostheses z. Neurological stimulators

Impact of Monitoring and Diagnostic Industries Exploratory surgery does not exist any more!

Threshold of the future z. Yesterday, we leveraged existing technologies to create innovations z. Tomorrow’s medical advances will incorporate breakthroughs from cellular and molecular biology

Implantable technology of the future z. Biocompatible z. Biointeractive z. Biological mimicry z. Engineering structures/processes that promote regrowth

Short term vision z. Tissue engineered heart valves z. Individually grown new blood vessels z. Regrowth of peripheral and spinal nerves

Explosion of Data from Biological Systems ze. g. , Information Content in Genomics of Organisms, in Molecular Dynamics of Proteins, in Population Dynamics z. Driving New Approaches to Data Analysis and Integration of Data

Biological Information Three Types of Biological Information • 1 -D Info. of chromosomes and genes • 3 -D info. of protein molecular machines • 4 -D info. (space+time) on complex biological systems and networks

New Approaches to Human Disease Classification z. Genomics/proteomics z. Predicting an individual’s susceptibility/resistance to disease/environmental agents z. Designing therapeutics/health policies z. Common basis of biological systems y. Arabidopsis human yeast Drosophila mouse

One-D Analysis needs Informatic Tools z. Large Scale DNA Sequencing z. Genome-wide Genotyping z. DNA arrays

Global Analysis needs Nano-technology Miniaturization Parallelization z. Mass Spectroscopy z. Separation Techniques z. High Speed, Multi-parameter Cell Sorting

Global Analysis needs Computational Biology z. The Protein-folding Problem: How does the amino acid sequence direct its folding in three dimensions? z. The Protein Structure-Function Problem: How does the shape of a protein permit its function?

Global Tools Required to Decipher the Systems and their Networks z. What are the components and their interconnections for various biological systems? z. How is the information for these units regulated? z. How to break up into subsystems whose properties reflect those of the entire system?

Challenge: Integration z. Integration of the following to address the problem Engineering Biology Chemistry Mathematics Computer Science MODERN BIOENGINEERING

Orchid Biocomputer z. By leveraging the same technologies used to design computer chips, Orchid is designing microchemical platform technologies capable of performing high-throughput chemical synthesis, biochemical assays, and DNA analysis for applications in drug discovery and diagnostics. Analogues/variants are available in hours or days.

Orchid’s Latest Want Ad z. Molecular Biology z. Biochemistry z. Chemistry z. Microfluidics z. Microfabrication z. Instrumentation z. Electrical Engineering z. Mechanical Engineering z. Physics

Affymetrix z. DNA chips. . . A scanning technology z. Using a large segment of human DNA as a reference, investigators rapidly compared a sequence of 3400 -base pairs with that of another primate z. Faster than generating the DNA de novo

Food Safety: DNA probes z. Salmonella z. Listseria z. E. coli 0157: H 7 z. Mycotoxins

Biosensors z. Highly specific actions of biological molecules can be exploited z. Enzymes, antibodies, microbial cells can be immobilized on solid surfaces z. The reactions they mediate can be detected by a variety of physical and chemical means

Bioelectronics z. Use biological molecule in IC or in optical processor z. Build devices on molecular level: high densities of data storage/nano-sized computers z. Irradiate naturally occurring protein with visible light: it absorbs light. Since it exists in two states, it can be used in molecular electronics/switches, and the lithographic fabrication of nanometer-scale patterns.

Phytase z. Pigs and chickens lack the enzyme to digest a certain sugar alcohol so they excrete phosphates. z. The gene for the enzyme (created from a genetically modified microbial source) has been inserted into tobacco seed which is then fed to the animals.

Salt-tolerance gene z. Gene for salt tolerance has been successfully introduced into tomato, tobacco, and Arabidopsis z. Does seawater irrigation become a possibility?

U. S. Patent and Trademark Office z. Number of requests to patent nucleic acid sequences: 1991 4, 000 1996 500, 000

More Wild Stuff z. Medical prescriptions personalized to genotype z. Neutriceutical foods z. Vaccines delivered through raw potatoes z. Cosmetic companies merging with pharmaceutical companies (biologically active cosmeceuticals)

World Economy z. Biotech, chemical, pharmaceutical, and agribusiness: all invest in molecular technologies z. Merger mania!

Life Sciences Industry Agri-business Pharmaceuticals Chemicals