BIO 527 2008 A simplified phylogeny of major

BIO 527 2008 A simplified phylogeny of major groups of North American passerines (based on Gill 3 rd edition) You are responsible for knowing the following families, as well as the general phylogenetic relationships shown below. Note that these are only North American families To determine the position of other families relative to these see the text website 9 -primaried oscines = Parulidae, Icteridae Emberizidae, Thraupidae, Cardinalidae, Fringillidae Motacillidae Passeridae Sittidae, Certhiidae, Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae Cinclidae, Turdidae, Sturnidae, Mimidae Bombycillidae, Regulidae Oscines Paridae, Remizidae, Alaudidae, Hirundinidae Vireonidae, Laniidae, Corvidae, Paradiseidae Tyrannidae (and 12 other families in other parts of the world) Eurylaimidae (broadbills) Suboscines Non-passerines

Paridae Alaudidae Remizidae Hirundinidae

Paridae includes the Chickadee and Titmouse In Arizona they include: Bridled Titmouse Juniper Titmouse

Mountain Chickadee Mexican Chickadee Black-capped Chickadee

Across the US Carolina Chickadee Boreal Chickadee Chestnut-backed Chickadee Grey-headed Chickadee

Oak Titmouse Northern Tufted Titmouse Black-crested Titmouse

Across the World The Grey-headed Chickadee is also found across Europe and Asia Tail-titmouse Fir-titmouse Cabbage-titmouse Blue tit or Great tit Bonnet-titmouse Bag-titmouse 57 species around the world Pasture-titmouse Often called tits in Europe and Asia and titmouse in North America

Facts: • Know for their “chick-a dee dee” call • Form wintering flocks (with the exception of the Oak and Juniper Titmouse who are territorial year round) • Make caches of insects • Most are secondary cavity nesters • No sexual dimorphism (songs are different) • Important pest control

F. Remizidae - small parid-like balls of fluff Verdin Common Bushtit

F. Alaudidae Horned Lark

F Hirundinidae) Breast band Rough-winged Burrowers “Plain Jane” swallows Bank Swallow

Tree Swallow Secondary cavity nesters Violet-green Swallow White above eye & on rump

Mud nesters Cup nest Barn Swallows Retort mud nest - Cliff and Cave Swallows

Remember: Apodiformes- swifts – Apodidae convergent on swallows but related to hummers!

BIO 527 2008 A simplified phylogeny of major groups of North American passerines (based on Gill 3 rd edition) You are responsible for knowing the following families, as well as the general phylogenetic relationships shown below. Note that these are only North American families To determine the position of other families relative to these see the text website 9 -primaried oscines = Parulidae, Icteridae Emberizidae, Thraupidae, Cardinalidae, Fringillidae Motacillidae Passeridae Sittidae, Certhiidae, Troglodytidae, Polioptilidae Bombycillidae, Cinclidae, Turdidae, Sturnidae, Mimidae Regulidae Oscines Paridae, Remizidae, Alaudidae, Hirundinidae Vireonidae, Laniidae, Corvidae, Paradiseidae Tyrannidae (and 12 other families in other parts of the world) Eurylaimidae (broadbills) Suboscines Non-passerines

White-capped Dipper South America Rufous-throated Dipper Bolivia and Argentina Brown Dipper Asia and Japan White-throated Dipper Europe and Middle East

American Dipper AKA Water Ouzel Cinclus mexicanus North and Central America Oak Creek Canyon Wet Beaver Creek Fossil Creek White Mountains

Gray Body Brownish Head Chunky or Round Near Fast-Flowing Stream Short Tail Swimming and Diving for Food White Eyelid

Keeping Dry and Warm Uropygial Gland 10 X Larger • Uropygial Gland Larger 4, 200 Contour Feathers • 4, 200 Contour Feathers Heavy Coat ofof Down • Heavy Coat Down Withstand Air of -40°C • Withstand Air. Temps of • Water Temps 0°C 40°C • Water Temps 0°C • Only 1515 Seconds Only. Divefor Seconds • Overheating a Concern

Feeding Behavior • Dipping in in Water Dipping. Head Water • Diving • Eat Insect Larvae Eat. Various Insect Larvae Caddisflies • Caddisflies Mayflies • Mayflies Stoneflies • Stoneflies • Small. Fishes • Indicator Species

Nesting Behavior Monogamous • Monogamous Chose Site Near River • Chose Site Near River Use Moss, andand Grass • Use Moss, Leaves, Grass Use • Wet Materials. Before Use Lay 4 -5 • Lay 4 -5 Eggs Altricial Young • Altricial Young Leave Nest at 24 -26 Days • Often Use Same Nest the Following Year

F Mimidae General Description • • • Long-tailed Short rounded wings Slender billed Sexes indistinguishable Dull gray and brown, some black or blue gray Red, yellow, or white irises

Nests • Build somewhat messy, bulky twig nests in dense growth • 2 -5 eggs hatch in 12 -13 days • 2 or 3 broods a year • Pairs often stay together for more than one breeding season

Mockingbirds • New World passerine birds • 17 spp in 3 genera • Best known for the habit of mimicking the song of other birds • Fiercely defending their nests • Identify by white flashes in wings and tail

Catbirds • 2 spp, Gray Catbird (NA), Black Catbird (C. A. ) • Produce a cat like bark using both sides of the syrinx • Generally found in bushy habitats including riparian, ponderosa, and desert habitats • Grey Catbird » » » Small bill, black Uniform gray Black cap Under tail rufous Monogomous Very defensive of nests

Thrashers • 15 spp • Name refers to feeding behavior

F. Turdidae Thrushes and allies Townsend’s Solitaire Eastern Mountain Bluebirds Western

Spotted thrushes Hermit Swainson’s

F. Bombycillidae waxwings Cedar Waxwing Bohemian F. Ptilogonatidae Phainopepla

F. Sturnidae European Starling Superb and Glossy Starling of Africa