Bio 369 Plant Physiology William Terzaghi Spring 2017

Bio 369: Plant Physiology William Terzaghi Spring 2017

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work.

Understanding how plants work. • Solar input = 1. 3 k. W/m 2

Understanding how plants work. • Solar input = 1. 3 k. W/m 2 • 5% (max) can be stored in organics

Understanding how plants work. • Solar input = 1. 3 k. W/m 2 • 5% (65 W/m 2) can be stored • Humans consume ~ 100 W (360, 000 J/hour)

• • Understanding how plants work. Solar input = 1. 3 k. W/m 2 5% (65 W/m 2) can be stored Humans consume ~ 100 W (360, 000 J/hour) Plants must have high surface area & low metabolism

Understanding how plants work. • Photosynthesis

Understanding how plants work. • Photosynthesis • Nutrition

Understanding how plants work. • Photosynthesis • Nutrition • Metabolism

• • Understanding how plants work. Photosynthesis Nutrition Metabolism Growth & development

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. • Method

COURSE OVERVIEW 1) Understanding how plants work. 2) Understanding how plant biologists work. • Method • Technology

Plan A Standard lecture & canned lab course

Plan B Standard lecture course, except:

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1. Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1. Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2. Last 4 labs will be an independent research project

Plan B Standard lecture course, except: 1. Last lectures will be chosen by you -> electives 2. Last 4 labs will be an independent research project 3. 20% of grade will be “elective” • Paper • Talk • Research proposal • Poster • Exam

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us.

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1. Phytoremediation • Atrazine and other triazine herbicides • 2 nd most widely used herbicide in US • Endocrine disruptor

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1. Phytoremediation • Atrazine and other triazine herbicides • 2 nd most widely used herbicide in US • Endocrine disruptor • Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation • Atrazine and other triazine herbicides • Neonicotinoid pesticides (e. g. imidacloprid) • Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors • Used on most crops: 95% of corn, > 50% of soy • Cause bee colony collapse?

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation • Atrazine and other triazine herbicides • Neonicotinoid pesticides (e. g. imidacloprid) • Bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptors • Used on most crops: 95% of corn, > 50% of soy • Cause bee colony collapse? • Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation • Atrazine and other triazine herbicides • Neonicotinoid pesticides (e. g. imidacloprid) • Metals, other mine or fracking waste? • Find or make plants that destroy or mop them up?

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? • N- deprivation made short plants, normal radishes • S - deprivation made normal plants, no radishes • Shaking 1 min 3 x/week stunted garlics, but no other plants • Punching leaves with a hole punch made jalapenos hotter

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? 3. Biofuels • Biodiesel (or other hydrocarbons)? • Increasing oil production

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products – can we make jalapenos hotter? 3. Biofuels • Biodiesel (or other hydrocarbons)? • Increasing oil production • Increasing production of biodiesel

Plan C 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products 3. Biofuels • Biodiesel? • Electricity? • Hydrogen?

Plan C 1. 2. 3. 4. Phytoremediation Plant products Biofuels Effects of seed spacing on seed germination • Arabidopsis germinated much better in groups of 6 than by themselves, but mutant didn’t mind

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products 3. Biofuels 4. Effects of seed spacing on seed germination 5. Climate/CO 2 change • Effects of elevated CO 2 on various plant processes • C 3 vs C 4 vs CAM?

Plan C We will pick a problem in plant biology and see where it takes us. 1. Phytoremediation 2. Plant products 3. Biofuels 4. Effects of seed spacing on seed germination 5. Climate/CO 2 change 6. Stress responses/stress avoidance 7. Improving food production 8. Biotechnology 9. Plant movements 10. Plant signaling (including neurobiology) 11. Flowering? 12. Something else?

Plan C 1. Pick a problem

Plan C 1. Pick a problem 2. Pick some plants to study

Plan C 1. Pick a problem 2. Pick some plants to study 3. Design some experiments

Plan C 1. Pick a problem 2. Pick some plants to study 3. Design some experiments 4. See where they lead us

Plan C 1. Pick a problem 2. Pick some plants to study 3. Design some experiments 4. See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations

Plan C Grading? Combination of papers and presentations • First presentation: 5 points • Research presentation: 10 points • Final presentation: 15 points • Assignments: 5 points each • Poster: 10 points • Intermediate report 10 points • Final report: 30 points Alternatives • Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations • Research proposal instead of a presentation • One or two exams?

BIO 369 - Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC 228 Office hours: MWF 12 -1 in SLC 363, TR 1 -2 in CSC 228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408 -4762 Email: terzaghi@wilkes. edu

BIO 369 - Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC 228 Office hours: MWF 12 -1 in SLC 363, TR 1 -2 in CSC 228, or by appointment Phone: (570) 408 -4762 Email: terzaghi@wilkes. edu Course webpage: http: //staffweb. wilkes. edu/william. terzaghi/bio 369. html

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem 3. Root

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 tissue types 1. Dermal 2. Ground 3. Vascular Cells do most of the work in plants!

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf A. Cuticle = lipid barrier

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf A. Cuticle = lipid barrier B. Epidermis = barrier cells

Leaf Structure A. Cuticle = lipid barrier B. Epidermis = barrier cells C. Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells

Leaf Structure A. Cuticle = lipid barrier B. Epidermis = barrier cells C. Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells D. Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells

Leaf Structure A. Cuticle = lipid barrier B. Epidermis = barrier cells C. Stomate = gate controlled by guard cells D. Mesophyll = photosynthetic cells E. Bundle Sheath = control import/export

Leaf Structure E. Bundle Sheath = control import/export F. Vascular tissue = plumbing • Xylem = water & inorganics • Dead!

Leaf Structure E. Bundle Sheath = control import/export F. Vascular tissue = plumbing • Xylem = water & inorganics • Dead! • Phloem = photosynthate

Leaf Structure F. Vascular tissue = plumbing • Xylem = water & inorganics • Dead! • Phloem = photosynthate • Live!

Plant Structure C 4 Kranz anatomy = less mesophyll, more bundle sheath

Veg. Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem • Apical meristems create new shoot cells

Vegetative Plant Structure Stem • Apical meristems create new shoot cells • Vascular cambium creates new xylem & phloem

Vegetative Plant Structure Stem • Apical meristems create new shoot cells • Vascular cambium creates new xylem & phloem • Cork cambium creates bark

Vegetative Plant Structure 3 Parts 1. Leaf 2. Stem 3. Root • Root cap protects tip

Root Structure • Root cap protects tip • Quiescenter provides reserve cells

Root Structure • Root cap protects tip • Quiescenter provides reserve cells • Apical meristem adds new cells

• • Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescenter provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients

• • • Root Structure Root cap protects tip Quiescenter provides reserve cells Apical meristem adds new cells Root hairs take up water & nutrients Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells

Root Structure • Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells • Apoplast = space between cells

Root Structure • Casparian strip in endodermis forces all water & solutes to enter cells • Apoplast = space between cells • Symplast = cytoplasm (continuous t/o plant through plasmodesmata)

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit

Plant Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cell is smallest living organizational unit 3) Cells arise by division of preexisting cells

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis

Plant Cells 1) Highly complex and organized 2) Metabolism 3) Reproduction 4) Heredity 5) Mechanically active 6) Respond to stimuli 7) Homeostasis 8) Very small

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2)surface/volume ratio

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio • surface area increases more slowly than volume

Why are cells so small? 1) many things move inside cells by diffusion 2) surface/volume ratio • surface area increases more slowly than volume • exchange occurs only at surface • eventually have insufficient exchange for survival

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • 2˚ wall made after growth stops

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough

Plant Cells 1) Cell walls • Carbohydrate barrier surrounding cell • Protects & gives cell shape • 1˚ wall made first • mainly cellulose • 2˚ wall made after growth stops • Lignins make it tough • Middle lamella = space between 2 cells • Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells

Plant Cells • Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane

Plant Cells • Plasmodesmata = gaps in walls that link cells • Lined with plasma membrane • Central tubule joins ER of both cells