BIO 255 Insect Diversity I Insect Diversity A

BIO 255: Insect Diversity

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - aquatic/terrestrial (1 marine genus)

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context - Detritivores - Predators - Herbivores - Pollinators - Parasites “Little things that run the world”

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection Against desiccation and predation

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources - fecund: can produce many offspring, and so new population can grow quickly and persist.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context C. Why So Diverse? - mobile: can fly to new places and become geographically isolated from original population - tough: exoskeleton provides protection against desiccation and predation - small: don’t require many resources - fecund: can produce many offspring, and so new population can grow quickly and persist. - rigid external genitalia: so changes in shape create reproductive isolation/speciation.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny Arthropods evolve and radiate in the Cambrian Period: 540 mya

Misof, B. , et al. 2014. Phylogenomics resolves the timing and pattern of insect evolution. Science 346: 363 -767.

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution Hexapoda Protura Collembola Diplura Insecta “Ectognatha” Genetic clocks place the origin of the hexapods in the Ordovician, 480 mya, And the first insects in the Silurian, 440 mya (when the first land plants evolved). “Entognatha” II. Evolution and Phylogeny

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniella praecursor – 410 mya Devonian Collembolan

I. Insect Diversity A. In Taxonomic Context B. In Ecological Context II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - oldest fossils: Rhyniognatha hirsti also from Rhynie Chert – 400 mya Oldest true insect: ‘Ectognatha’

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359 -300 mya) Radiation

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359 -300 mya) Radiation Paleopterans Radiate Neopterans Appear: - Polyneoptera - Condyloptera - Holometabola Meganeura monyi - largest insect ever wingspan of 70 cm

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Carboniferous (359 -300 mya) Radiation Arthropleura -largest terrestrial arthropod - 2 m

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300 -250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of seed plants in Permian (300 -250 mya) and their dominance in Mesozoic led to radiation of herbivorous groups (Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Coleoptera)

II. Evolution and Phylogeny A. Arthropod Phylogeny B. Insect Evolution - Evolution of flowering plants in Cretaceous (late Mesozoic – 144 -65 mya) led to radiation of pollinating groups (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera)

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) – PARAPHYLETIC GROUP 1. Order Protura (Proturans) - minute, unpigmented, no antennae; use forelegs as sensory apparati. Eyes absent or reduced Detritivorous and fungivorous – in moist soil

- anamorphosis: hatch with 9 abdominal segments, and adds a segment with each molt; most families have 5 molts, one has 6

- no eyes - some families have no spiracles/trachea

- first species discovered in 1907 by Antonio Berlese - 500 species in nine families worldwide - 20 species in 3 families in NA Early woodcut by Berlese (1907)

ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Tracheate Abdominal appendages 2 -segmented

ORDER: PROTURA Eosentomidae (8 species) Acerentomidae (9 species) Lack trachea and spiracles

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob (“collophore”). May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) - minute, with antennae. Forked “furcula” folded beneath, and an abdominal knob “collophore”. May be very abundant. Detritivores and fungivores.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Hypogastruridae -- the largest family in the order. These are small, plump hexapods that may lack compound eyes or a springtail (furcula). Includes the snowflea, Hypogastrura nivicola.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Isotomidae -- second largest family in the order. These hexapods are elongate and lack scales on the upper surface of the body.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Entomobryidae -- common soil-dwellers. The fourth abdominal segment is significantly longer than the others.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) Sminthuridae -- body globular in shape. The family includes the garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) which occasionally damages plant seedlings.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (Springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans or ‘two-pronged bristletails’) - small, with long antennae. Two caudal processes, either long or short and pincer-like. Those with pincers are predators, using them to pinch small arthropods. Others are detritivores. - ~800 species in 5 families

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) 1. Order Protura (Proturans) 2. Order Collembola (springtails) 3. Order Diplura (Diplurans) Campodeidae -- approximately 34 North American species, all of which have long cerci (10 -segments). Japygidae -- 28 North American species, all of which have short (unsegmented) cerci in the form of pincers (forceps).

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) - Three caudal appendages, and a high, rounded back and contiguous large compound eyes. Feed on algae lichens, mosses. Jump up to a foot, although the largest is only 15 mm. Styli on abdominal segments. Family Machilidae

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) - Flattened and larger, with well separated eyes and styli on abdominal segments. Three caudal appendages and scales (like butterflies) on segments. Detritivores.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Firebrat – Thermobia domestica Live in hot areas, near furnaces and such Firebrats have been known to live more than 6 years -- through 60 instars. It has been suggested that frequent molting is an adaptation that reduced the risk of infection by parasitic fungi.

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) 1. Order Archaeognatha (Jumping Bristletails) 2. Order Zygentoma (Bristletails/Silverfish) Family Lepismatidae Silverfish – Lepisma saccharina

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back 1. Order Ephemeroptera (Mayflies) 2. Order Odonata (Dragonflies and Damselflies)

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Dermaptera - Earwigs

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Plecoptera - Stoneflies

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Orthoptera - Grasshoppers, Crickets, Katydids

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Notoptera - Gladiators

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Embioptera - Webspinners

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Phasmatodea - Stick Bugs

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Mantodea - Mantids

Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Order: Blattodea – Cockroaches and Termites

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Condyloptera (Hemipteroida, in part): Sucking mouthparts, simple metamorphosis Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs

Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Order: Hemiptera – True Bugs (Cicadas, Leaf Hoppers, Aphids)

Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Order: Thysanoptera – Thrips

III. Insect Classification A. Entognatha (Mouthparts concealed in ‘pouch’) B. INSECTA – (“Ectognatha” - Mouthparts visible) - ‘Apterygota’: Wingless True Insects (Paraphyletic) - ‘Pterygota’: Winged Insects (Monphyletic) - Paleoptera: “Ancient Wing” – unable to fold the wing down onto back - Neoptera: “Modern Wing” – wings fold flat onto back Three groups within the Neoptera: Polyneoptera (Orthopteroida): Simple Metamorphosis, mandibulate mouthparts, large anal lobe in wing, if present. Condyloptera (Hemipteroida, in part): Sucking mouthparts, simple metamorphosis Holometabola (Endopterygota): Complete metamorphosis

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Paleoptera Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Insecta Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Neoptera

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Psocodea – Bark and True Lice

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Hymenoptera – Ants, Bees, and Wasps

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Megaloptera - Dobsonflies

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Neuroptera – Lacewings and kin

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Strepsiptera – Twisted-winged Parasites

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Coleoptera - Beetles

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Trichoptera - Caddisflies

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Siphonaptera - Fleas

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Mecoptera - Scorpionflies

Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Order: Diptera – True Flies

Vericrustacea Protura: Coneheads Collembola: Springtails Hexapoda Diplura: Two-pronged Bristletails ! ! !! Archaeognatha: Jumping Bristletails Zygentoma: Silverfish Odonata: Dragonflies Ephemeroptera: Mayflies Dermaptera: Earwigs Plecoptera: Stoneflies Orthoptera: Grasshoppers Notoptera: Gladiators Polyneoptera Embioptera: Webspinners Phasmatodea: Stick Bugs Mantodea: Mantids Blattodea: Roaches and Termites W E H P Thysanoptera: Thrips Hemiptera: True Bugs Condyloptera Psocodea: Bark and Tree Lice Hymenoptera: Ants, Bees, Wasps Megaloptera: Dobsonflies Neuroptera: Net-winged Insects Strepsiptera: Twisted-wing Parasites Coleoptera: Beetles Trichoptera: Caddisflies Lepidoptera: Butterflies and Moths Siphonaptera: Fleas Mecoptera: Scorpionflies Holometabola Diptera: Flies Insecta Paleoptera Neoptera

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy Insect head site

IV. Insect Anatomy

IV. Insect Anatomy

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects

Pinning and Labeling Insects 384600 E 3893800 N (UTM) USA, South Carolina, Greenville Co. East slope Hogback Mtn. FF# 423 3 August 2011 A. Schulz