Bio 230 Classification Taxonomy Nomenclature Taxonomy Systematics Classify
Bio. 230 --- Classification, Taxonomy, Nomenclature
Taxonomy / Systematics / Classify ØWhat are Taxonomy* and Systematics*? ØWhat is a Phylogenetic Survey? ØWhat is Phylogeny*? ØWhat is Ontogeny*?
Basic Classification Hierarchy* - DOMAIN - KINGDOM - DIVISION or PHYLUM - CLASS - ORDER - FAMILY - GENUS - SPECIES (many levels can have sublevels: e. g. subfamily)
Basic Classification Hierarchy - DOMAIN (Eukarya) - KINGDOM (Animalia) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (Chordata) - SUBPHYLUM (Vertebrata) - CLASS (Mammalia) - ORDER (Primate) - FAMILY (Hominidae) - GENUS (Homo) - SPECIES (Homo sapiens) (many levels can have sublevels: e. g. subfamily)
Taxon / Taxa ØWhat is a TAXON* (pl. taxa)? ? ? ØNO ABSOLUTE way to determine if something should be a genus, a family or a phylum ØStill there is much agreement as to what goes in a group such as GREEN ALGAE or FLOWERING PLANTS or BACTERIA
Position in the Hierarchy ØThere is no ABSOLUTE rank in a hierarchy! (No ABSOLUTE way to determine position in a hierarchy) ØDespite this most authorities are in general agreement how to organize species into higher taxa ØAn example (using families) Solanaceae Sphecidae ØHow might “experts” differ in the above examples?
The Species ØThe only taxon that has ‘biological reality’ ØHuman Beings (a species) ØWhat is our scientific name? ØSpecies: Homo sapiens Linnaeus ØGenus: Homo ØSpecific Epithet: sapiens ØGenus + Specific Epithet = Species ØAuthor Citation: Linnaeus
Classify / Classification (I) ØGOAL: a natural* classification ØA Classification*: information storage and retrieval system ØWhat type of information to use? ØEverything and anything Ø (morphology, anatomy, distribution, cytology, genetics, DNA homologies, behaviors, etc. )
Classify / Classification (II) ØWhy do we look down on classification activities and disciplines (taxonomy and systematics)? ØWhy do classification schemes keep on changing? ØWhy are taxonomy and systematics more important than ever?
Nomenclature ØNaming things ØWhy a system of Nomenclature*? ØWhy scientific names? Why not just use common names? ØBinomial System ØWhy latinized names? ØVery specific rules --- Why is this important? ØRules (name endings, etc. ) currently differ for plants vs. animals --- Why?
Classification Hierarchy Revisited - ALL LIVING THINGS (= Storage Building) - DOMAIN (= a floor in the building) - KINGDOM (= large storage room) - DIVISION or PHYLUM (= file cabinet) - CLASS (= drawer) - ORDER (= large file folder) - FAMILY (= smaller folder in the large folder) - GENUS (= stapled packet) - SPECIES (= single page)
Changing (? ) Classifications I ØHow many Kingdoms? ? ? ØTwo Three Five Plantae Protista* Monera Animalia Plantae Protista* Animalia Fungi Plantae Animalia Six Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista* Fungi Plantae Animalia ØWhat is the difference? ? ? Ø*Protista also known as Protoctista
Changing (? ) Classifications II
Changing (? ) Classifications III ØThe three DOMAIN system: ØNot really that different ØArchaea are in one domain ØBacteria are in the second domain ØAll eukaryotes are in the third domain ØKingdoms are the next subdivision below the domain
The Protists ØAn ‘unnatural’ group ØAt the moment it is a ‘collect all’ (like a junk drawer) ØIf it isn’t a plant, animal, fungus, archaean or bacterium, then it is a Protist Ø In time, as we learn more, we will take things out of this group and then there may be more kingdoms, phyla, etc.
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