Big theme in biology Structure Function are related

Big theme in biology: Structure & Function are related! This is true at all levels of organization: molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 1

Note log scale. 2

Animals Bacteria Plants Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protists Archaea Fungi 3

Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells TEM 15, 000 Nucleoid region Colorized TEM 15, 000 Prokaryotic cell Nucleus Fig 4. 3 A Eukaryotic cell Organelles 4

Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells 5 Fig 24. 1 A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage

Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame: Simple Cells Complex Cells 6

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Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Flagellum Not in most plant cells Lysosome Ribosomes Centriole Golgi apparatus Peroxisome Microtubule Cytoskeleton Intermediate filament Plasma membrane Mitochondrion Microfilament Figure 4. 4 A A “typical” animal cell 9

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Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm Structure Function (Organelle) (Job) Mitochondria “Powerhouse. ” Converts food energy in to usable energy (ATP). “Mighty” Generator. ER Carries proteins throughout the cell. Ribosomes Makes proteins. Golgi Bodies Receives, packages & sends materials. “UPS” of the cell. Chloroplasts Captures light energy to make food energy. “Solar Panels” of the cell. (plant only) Vacuoles Storage. (Water, food and other materials) Lysosomes Chemicals for breakdown. 11

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Complete this Compare/Contrast Frame: 13

Chromatin Nucleus Nucleolus Two membranes of nuclear envelope Pore Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Fig 4. 5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. 14

Smooth ER Rough ER Figure 4. 7 Nuclear envelope Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Rough ER TEM 45, 000 Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids. Rough ER makes membranes and proteins. 15

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food. 16

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Organization of a “typical” plant cell Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Not in animal cells Microtubule Central vacuole Intermediate filament Chloroplast Microfilament Cytoskeleton Cell wall Mitochondrion Peroxisome Plasma membrane Figure 4. 4 B 18

Chloroplasts convert light energy to chemical energy (glucose). Chloroplast Stroma TEM 9, 750 Inner and outer membranes Granum Intermembrane space Fig 4. 14 19

FUNCTION STRUCTURES Breakdown / Digestion Lysosomes and Peroxisomes. Energy Processing Mitochondria, Chloroplasts. Support, Movement and Communication Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular Matrix, Cell Junctions Manufacturing Nucleus, Ribosomes, ER, Golgi bodies. Genetic headquarters Nucleus 20

Must Know & Challenge Structures MUST KNOW CHALLENGE 1. Nucleus Centriole 2. Mitochondria Plastids 3. Chloroplast Microtubules 4. Cell Wall Microfilaments 5. Cell Membrane Nucleolus 6. Ribosomes Rough ER 7. Vacuole Smooth ER 8. Cytoplasm 9. Golgi body (apparatus) 10. Lysosomes 11. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 21

Review Checklist: q Write out the three parts of the CELL THEORY. q Who is Robert Hooke? Why is he important? q Compare & Contrast frame between plant & animal cells. q Compare & Contrast frame between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. q Make a structure & function table for all the cell parts. q Sketch a plant cell, color it in and label all parts. q Sketch an animal cell, color it in and label all parts q Active study! q Know your vocab! 22

Cellular and sub-cellular levels • Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page. • Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane. 23

Organelles and Subcellular Structures Manufacturing Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system. ) Breakdown: Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles Energy Processing: Chloroplasts, Mitochondria Support, Movement, and Communication: Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions 24