Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750

Big Era Seven Industrialization and Its Consequences 1750 -1914 CE 1

do un To: M N: O I T CAU der n U nts e t n Co sure s e r P Contents under pressure…I wonder what’s inside? A package! I love packages! 2

The Modern Revolution Communication Democratic Fossil Revolution Politics Fuels o und M : o T ION: T U CA der n U tents re n o C su s e r P 3

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution Quite a package! But how did these changes get all bundled up together? 4

For starters, in Big Era Seven human population was increasing faster than ever before! 5

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE 6

World Population in Big Era Seven But the growth was not equal everywhere! 7

World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the United States, and Canada combined. Year Population in % of World Millions Population 1750 141 19. 3 1850 292 25. 0 1900 482 30. 0 For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750 and 1900. 8

Growth of the Population of Boston 1690 - 7, 000 158% 1790 - 18, 038 3, 010% 1900 - 560, 892 9

Not only was the human population growing, it was moving. 10

Migration from Europe from 1750 or earlier Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993 -2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 11

Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993 -2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 12

Labor migration from Asia mainly after 1750 Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993 -2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. 13

Major Global Migrations Europeans overseas including Siberia 1820 -1930 55 -60, 000 Africans to the Americas 1811 -1870 1, 900, 000 Asians overseas 1850 -1920 2, 500, 000 14

But a growing population meant that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too. And humans dealt with this need by using fossil fuels. Watch! 15

Small wax candle, 800 BCE 5 watts 16

Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE 100, 000 watts 17

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution That’s in the Package! undo To: M : TION U A C er Und s t n e t Con essure Pr 18

The Fossil Fuel Revolution The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into use: Coal Electricity Gas Petroleum Nuclear 19

By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like wood… 20

and with better and better steam engines to harness coal’s energy… 22

People could produce more efficiently. Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835 23

In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities. In China coal mines were far from factories and cities. How might history have been different if the closest sources of coal available to Britain were, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe? 24

And travel more quickly. Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807 26

And travel more quickly George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive 1829 27

The increasing power of steam engines in Big Era Seven 28

The Industrial Revolution Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation 29

The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic relationships. 30

Russia U. S. A. Egypt India Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993 -2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies 31

Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993 -2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies 32

Old limits on how much energy people could use were gone! And in Big Era Seven people tore down other limits too… 33

New economic ideas • People should be able to buy and sell land freely. • People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. • People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. Adam Smith argued for ideas like these in his book The Wealth of Nations (1776). 34

New economic ideas • People should be able to buy and sell land freely. • People should be able to buy and sell labor freely. • People should be able to buy and sell goods freely. But what did governments need to do to make these ideas work? Sounds great! 35

Standardize weights and measures. Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs. Improve public health. 36

Metric system 1790 Transcontinental railroad 1869 Antiseptic medicine 1867 37

In Big Era Seven, government played a greater role than ever before in people’s lives. And while that happened, people’s ideas about government changed, too! 38

New political ideas: • People should be free to choose their government. • Government should protect people’s liberties. Tom Paine argued for these ideas in Common Sense • People should have equal rights. (1775) 39

New political ideas • A nation should be free to choose its government. Sounds democratic! • Government should protect people’s liberties. • People should have equal rights. 40

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics It’s in the package too! Communication Revolution To: o Mund : TION CAU er Und s t n te Con essure Pr 41

Governments wrote constitutions. Governments created representative institutions. Governments promoted education. 42

United States Constitution 1787 French National Assembly 1789 Ottoman Turkish Regulations for Public Education 1869 43

What happened if governments wouldn’t make these changes themselves? 44

United States 1776 Haiti 1791 Change the government! The Atlantic Revolutions France 1789 Venezuela 1811 45

United States 1776 Haiti 1791 In each country, people struggled over liberty, equality, and nationalism. France 1789 Venezuela 1811 46

Ascendancy of Liberalism What was it in the th 19 century? 47

Ascendancy of Liberalism Are the political and economic tendencies in these two boxes compatible or inconsistent? • Rational thought and behavior • Civil freedoms and legal equality • Rule of law • Constitutional and limited government • The right to vote and be educated • Technical and scientific progress • Free market economy • Nationalism that advances the community of nations • Enhancement of state power and centralization • Increased state military and police power • State-managed social welfare • More efficient taxation • State economic management • Larger-scale economic enterprise • Imperial conquest and authoritarian rule over colonized • Exclusivist or xenophobic nationalism 48

Were these four 19 th-century leaders champions of Liberalism? Mahmud II 1808 -1839 Napoleon Bonaparte 1799 -1815 William Gladstone 1868 -94 Porfirio Díaz 1876 -1911 49

So much was changing so fast… How could people keep up? 50

People moved more quickly. Ideas moved more quickly. 51

The Steamboat Communication Railroad Revolution Transatlantic cable Newspaper 52

The Speed Revolution One hour of optimum travel: ½Walking - 5 km ½Horse-drawn coach - 10 km ½Railway locomotive (1847) 96 km ½Normannia steamship (1890) 40 km ½French rapid train - 297 km ½Jet plane - 1000 km 53

Railway Development in Europe 1840 1850 54

Railway Development in Europe 1880 55

Railway Construction in India 1853 -1931 56

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution Communication! It’s in the package! To: o Mund : TION CAU er Und s t n te Con essure Pr 57

The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole. World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars as valued in 1990 58

Powerful, but not equal. The countries which modernized first used it to their advantage. 59

The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center. Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia 60

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market… India, 1877 61

and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price, India, 1877 62

not to where it was needed most. 63

And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to destroy. 64

And more of the world was colonized than ever before. 65

Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898 Sudanese dead, 10, 000 British dead, 48 66

The European Moment Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans: • 1800 • 1878 • 1914 35% 67% 88% But. . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years: 80 yrs 67

Egypt Russia Some elites around the world tried to adopt parts of the Modern Revolution to strengthen their own governments. Japan Mexico 68

Modernize the army. Egypt Modernize the economy. Japan Maintain independence. Russia Mexico 69

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics To: o Mund Communication Revolution But the Modern Revolution comes in a package! : TION CAU er Und s t n te Con essure Pr 70

The Modern Revolution Communication Democratic Fossil Revolution Politics Fuels o und M : o T Once you open the package, you open the whole thing! ION: T U CA der n U tents re n o C su s e r P 71

People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern Revolution, like fossil fuels, …. 72

also learned about the democratic part of the Modern Revolution. 73

And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated them, because it was all part of the package. 74

And powerful elites who wanted to modernize in some ways did not count on people demanding the democratic part of the package. 75

The Modern Revolution Fossil Fuels Democratic Politics Communication Revolution I get it! To: o Mund : TION CAU er Und s t n te Con essure Pr 76

o d n u o: M T N: O I T CAU er d n U s t n te Con essure Pr 77

The Modern Revolution promises many things to many people. No wonder the package is under pressure! 78

And once the package is opened, the whole world jumps in! To: o Mund : TION CAU er Und s t n te Con essure Pr 79

To: o Mund : TION CAU nder nts U e t n Co sure Pres 80

Big Era Seven The End 81