Bicameral legislature a lawmaking body made up of

» Bicameral legislature – a lawmaking body made up of two houses or groups » Libel – false statements that damage someone’s reputation » Imports – goods brought from other countries » Exports – goods sold to other countries Journal #12

Chapter 4 Life in the English Colonies

» What were the 2 factors that led to the Great Migration? » Who is “the father of American democracy? ” » Who were the first settlers in Maryland who was the proprietor of the colony? » What was the purpose of the colony of Georgia and who went there? » What colony was for the Quakers and who was its founder? Bonus Questions

» Colonial Governments – 4. 1 » Colonial Trade – 4. 2 » The Colonial Economy – 4. 3 Today’s Topics

» Were overruled by the British government but most colonies ran their own affairs » Each colony had a governor who served as head of the government ˃ Governors were assisted by an advisory council ˃ The king/queen, or proprietor selected the governor Colonial Governments

» Colonists elected representatives to make laws – called Colonial Assemblies » They based these assemblies on the British Parliament, colonial assemblies: ˃ Had bicameral legislatures ˃ Could raise taxes ˃ Shared control of the military Colonial Assemblies

Jamestown » Was the first colonial assembly (legislature) » 2 Houses ˃ The Council of State ˃ The House of Burgesses » The governor had final authority George Percy

In New England » Town meetings were also held to decide issues such as paying for schools and to determine ownership of unsettled lands

Colonial Courts » Were used to control local affairs, but were heavily influenced by Royal officials » The Court Case of John Peter Zenger in 1735 ˃ Zenger began criticizing the governor of NY in his newspaper – officials charge him with libel ˃ Andrew Hamilton is Zenger’s attorney, Zenger pleads “not guilty” – he argues that truth can be printed ˃ The jury finds Zenger not guilty, even though they are pressured to convict him ˃ Was one of the earliest examples of the court upholding the freedom of the press

The Dominion of New England » In 1685, James II becomes the king of England – he promises to take control of the colonies » He creates the Dominion of New England which controlled the government of all of New England » Many residents of New England dislike this government

The Glorious Revolution » James II was unpopular in England as well ˃ He tries to change the country back to Catholic » Leaders of Parliament ask his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William to take over » James II is overthrown, William and Mary become king and queen, this is known as the Glorious Revolution ˃ The colonies leave the Dominion of New England ˃ Parliament passes the English Bill of Rights, reducing the King/Queens power and giving more power to Parliament

4. 2 The Growth of Trade

» Trade was a main reason that England founded its American colonies » Much of Europe (including England) practiced an economic system called mercantilism ˃ Countries create and maintain wealth by strictly controlling trade ˃ The goal was to make sure the country had fewer imports than exports ˃ The colonies were forced to do most of their trading with England by laws called the Navigation Acts English Trade

» Not everyone liked the Navigation Acts ˃ The Navigation Acts forced the colonists to trade with England » Some wanted a free enterprise system ˃ An economic system with little government control ˃ People could trade with whoever they wanted to In the Colonies

» The African slave trade brought 10 million Africans across the Atlantic Ocean » This journey was called the Middle Passage and could last 3 months » Enslaved Africans were chained by the neck and legs in very small spaces – they only had 2 - 5 feet of head room The Middle Passage

The Middle Passage » Thousands of slaves died on slave ships » Some colonists spoke out against slavery ˃ Quakers in Pennsylvania in 1688 are the first » Slavery continued in all of the colonies, it was especially important in the south ˃ Tobacco and rice required many workers

» Small farms and large plantations that grew cash crops – crops sold for profit ˃ Tobacco in Virginia, Rice and indigo in South Carolina » The southern economy depended on slaves » In order to control the slaves, many colonies passed laws called slave codes ˃ Slaves can’t hold meetings or own weapons ˃ Some colonies didn’t allow slave owners to free their slaves Agriculture in the Southern Colonies

The New England Economy » Few farms grew cash crops – little need for slaves » Fishing and shipbuilding are the leading industries » The New England economy needed skilled craftspeople – families sent their sons to learn skilled trades ˃ Blacksmithing, weaving, shipbuilding, and printing » The young boys who learned skilled trades were known as apprentices

» Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York » Many people grew staple crops – crops that are always needed ˃ Wheat, barley, oats » Slaves were more important than in New England – there were also many indentured servants ˃ Slaves worked as blacksmiths, carpenters, farmers, and shipbuilders » Cities such as Philadelphia and New York City grow rapidly The Middle Colonies

Women and the Economy » Most married and worked in the home » They had more rights than in England, but their rights were still very limited » Other women ran farms and businesses ˃ Clothing and grocery stores, bakeries, drugstores ˃ They had to have their husbands’ permission and the husband had a right to the money » A few women ask for more rights, this won’t happen for a while