BIBLIOGRAPHY Dr Muhammad Sajid Mira Principal Librarian IRI

BIBLIOGRAPHY Dr. Muhammad Sajid Mira Principal Librarian, IRI, IIUI

What is a Bibliography? What is bibliography? A bibliography is a list of source materials that are used or consulted in the preparation of a work or that are referred to in the text. TYPES OF FORMATS FOR BIBLIOGRAPHY MLA: Modern Language Association APA: The American Psychological style Chicago style format Turabian Harvard style etc.

Different Styles of Bibliography Writing The MLA format is primarily used for English Literature, and other forms of humanities. The American Psychological style of writing is used for Psychology, and other sciences and social sciences. The Chicago Style format is primarily used for History. Turabian is used for Natural and Social Science

Why must you do a Bibliography? v To acknowledge and give credit to sources of words, ideas, diagrams, illustrations, quotations borrowed, or any materials summarized or paraphrased. v To show that you are respectfully borrowing other people’s ideas, not stealing them. v To offer additional information to your readers who may wish to further pursue your topic. v Showing the depth of your research. v To give readers an opportunity to check out your sources for accuracy. v Avoiding Plagiarism

What must be included in a Bibliography? v Author Book v Editor Newspaper v Title Journal v Place of Publication Movie v Name of Publisher Magazine v Date of Publication Online resources v Volume and Issue No(Journal) v Page No. v Same as above (Online document/Internet)

Formatting Notes: Use a “hanging indent” to show the beginning of a citation. In other words, the first line of the citation begins at the left margin. Subsequent lines are indented ½ inch from the left margin typically 5 spaces). Double-space all entries in the reference list for APA and MLA. APA, MLA, and Turabian use italicized type to indicate titles of major works (book titles, journal titles, etc. ).

Important Abbreviation n. p. No place of publication given n. p. No publishers given n. d. No date of publication given n. pag. No pagination given

Reference list Place the list of references cited at the end of the paper Start references on a new page Begin each entry flush with the left margin Indent subsequent lines five to seven spaces (hanging indent) Double space both within and between entries Italicize the title of books, magazines, etc. 8

Reference list order Arrange sources alphabetically beginning with author’s last name If author has more than one source, arrange entries by year, earliest first When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation as the first author of a group, list the one author entries first If no author given, begin entry with the title and alphabetize without counting a, an, or the Do not underline, italicize or use quote marks for titles used instead of an author name 9

Example – Reference list order – Baheti, J. R. (2001 a). Control … – Baheti, J. R. (2001 b). Roles of … – Kumpfer, K. L. (1999). Factors … – Kumpfer, K. L. (2002). Prevention … – Kumpfer, K. L. , Alvarado, R. , Smith, P. , … – Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Preventions … 10

Group author American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. 11

Book with one author Carter, R. (1998). Mapping the mind. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 12

Book with two authors Struck, W. , & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3 rd ed. ). New York: Macmillan. 13

Book with six or more authors Wolchik, S. A. , West, S. G. , Sandler, I. N. , Tein, J. , Coatsworth, D. , Lengua, L. , et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of… 14

Book with no author Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10 th ed. ). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. 15

Book with editors Allison, M. T. , & Schneider, I. E. (Eds. ). (2000). Diversity and the recreation profession: Organizational perspectives. State College, PA: Venture. 16

Chapter in book Stern, J. A. , & Dunham, D. N. (1990). The ocular system. In J. T. Cacioppo & L. G. Tassinary (Eds. ), Principles of psychophysiology: Physical, social, and inferential elements (pp. 513 -553). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 17

Multivolume book Koch, S. (Ed. ). (1959 -1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1 -6). New York: Mc. Graw-Hill. 18

Journal article Sellard, S. , & Mills, M. E. (1995). Administrative issues for use of nurse practitioners. Journal of Nursing Administration, 25(5), 64 -70. 19

Article in press Jones, R. (in press). The new healthcare lexicon. Journal of Health. 20

Abstract Misumi, J. , & Fumita, M. (1982). Effects of PM organizational development in supermarket organization. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 21, 93 -111. [Abstract] Psychological Abstracts, 1982, 68, Abstract No. 11474 21

Magazine Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673 -674. 22

Newspaper Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A 1, A 4. 23

Encyclopedia article Blaser, L. (1996). Relativity. In Gale encyclopedia of science (Vol. 15, pp. 82 -86). New York, Gale Encyclopedia Co. 24

Thesis Ho, M. (2000). Coping strategies of counseling professionals (Unpublished master’s thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore). 25

Videotape National Institute on Mental Health. (1980). Drug abuse [videotape]. Bethesda: Author. 26

Electronic sources Velmans, M. (1999). When perception becomes conscious. British Journal of Psychology, 90, 543566. Retrieved from the Expanded Academic ASAP database. 27

Web page Green, C. (2000, April 16). History & philosophy of psychology web resources. Retrieved from http: //www. yorku. ca/dept. htm 28

Article with DOI Stultz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482– 488. doi: 10. 1037/0002 -9432. 76. 4. 482 29

Preprint version of article Philippsen, C. , Hahn, M. , Schwabe, L. , Richter, S. , Drewe, J. , & Schachinger, H. (2007). Cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress is not affected by alpha 2 -adrenoreceptor activation or inhibition. Psychopharmacology, 190(2), 181– 188. Advance online publication. doi: 10. 1007/s 00213 -006 -0597 -7 30

Online dictionary Heuristic. (n. d. ). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http: //www. m-w. com/dictionary 31

Presentation slides Columbia University, Teachers College, Institute for Learning Technologies. (2000). Smart cities: New York: Electronic education for the new millennium [Power. Point slides]. Retrieved from http: //www. ilt. columbia. edu/ publications/index. html 32

Press release American Psychological Association. (2006, April 30). Internet use involves both pros and cons for children and adolescents [Press release]. Retrieved from http: //www. apa. org/releases/ youthwww 0406. html 33

Message posted to an electronic mailing list Smith, S. (2006, January 5). Re: Disputed estimates of IQ [Msg 670]. Message posted to Forensic. Network electronic mailing list, archived at http: //tech. groups. yahoo. com/group/For ensic. Network/message/670 34

Weblog post bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind. Message posted to http: //scienceblogs. com/pharyngula/ 35

Sample Reference List References Calvillo, D. (1999). The theoretical development of aggression. Retrieved August 21, 2002 from: http: //www. csubak. edu/~1 vega/dustin 2. html Flory, R. K. , (1969 a). Attack behavior as a function of minimum inter-food interval. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. 12, 825 -828. Flory, R. K. , (1969 b). Attack behavior in a multiple fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science, 16, 383 -386. Flory, R. K. , & Everist, H. D. (1977). The effect of a response requirement on schedule- induced aggression. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 9, 383 -386. Gentry, W. D. (1968). Fixed-ratio schedule-induced aggression. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11, 813 -817. 36

For More Information APA Manual Website: www. apastyle. org