BFT 112 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Nur

BFT 112 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Nur Liyana Binti Mohd Rosli liyanarosli@unimap. edu. my 013 -4060662

Course Content • Discuss and relate how engineering can improve or degrade the quality of the natural environment (e. g. air , water, land), terrestrial and aquatic organisms and human health. • Explore business opportunities in relation to engineering solutions/issues

Scenery

Unpleasant landscapes

What is Environment “Environment is the ensemble of physical, chemical, biological and social components capable of causing direct or indirect effects, in the short or long term, on living beings and human activities” The study of the human activities the environment. The use of United Nations Conference on Environment held inon Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972 engineering principle to approve and maintain the environment

CLEANWATER WASTEWATER

Water Quality and Water Treatment Water is a basic necessity of nature and humans We use water for: • drinking • food preparation • washing • industrial processes • recreation, and many more activities Different uses require different level of purity In addition, we have to make sure that natural water bodies such as rivers, lakes and estuaries remain healthy habitats for the ecosystems they contain

Ensuring water quality Two components to water quality: 1. Safe drinking → treatment of surface or subsurface water for consumption 2. Safe release → treatment of municipal sewage and industrial wastewater

Water Treatment – Preparation of water for drinking and municipal distribution • Consumers in industrialized countries expect safe drinking water, that is: - Clear - Colourless - Odourless - Free of harmful chemicals - Free of pathogens. • Natural water, however, rarely exhibit these properties.

Solid Waste “ Solid waste derived from unusable residues in raw materials, leftovers, rejects and scraps from process operations. It is also regards to bring negative economic value and suggested it is cheaper to discard than use”

• WASTE GENERATION – Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal • ON-SITE HANDLING, STORAGE AND PROCESSING – Those activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation • COLLECTION – those activities associate with the gathering of solid wastes and

• TRANSFER AND TRANSPORT – Those activities associate with 1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and 2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distance, to the disposal site. • PROCESSING AND RECOVERY – Those techniques, equipment, and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products or energy from solid wastes. • DISPOSAL – Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes, including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment plants, incinerator residue, compost or their substances from the various solid waste processing plants that are no further use.

Factors that affect waste generation • Geographic location – The influence is primarily to the different climates that can influence both the amount of certain types of solid waste – Example – warmer southern area where the growing season is considerable longer than in the northern areas • Season of the year – The quantities of certain types of solid waste are also affected by the season of the year. – Example – the quantities of food waste are affected by the growing season for vegetables and fruits.

• Collection frequency – Where unlimited collection service is provided, more waste are collected. – Example – in Malaysia, if waste collection is limited to one or two times per week, he or she may, because of less frequent collection, will store those useless items like newspapers or other materials in their house. With unlimited service, the house owner would tend to remove those useless right way.

• Social background – Characteristics of population – influence the quantity of solid waste generated. For example, the quantities of home wastes generated on a per capita base considerably greater in the wealthier neighborhoods than in less fortunate neighborhoods. – Extent of salvage and recycling – the existence of salvage and recycling operations within a community definitely affects the quantities of waste collected • Public attitudes – Significant reduction of the quantities of solid wastes that are generated will occur when people are willing to change their own habit or lifestyles to conserve national resources and to reduce the eco burdens associated with the management of solid wastes

• Type of collection service – Self – Curbside pickup (most common) – Set out, set back (most expensive) • Frequency of collection – Daily – Once per week – Twice per week – On demand (discards, special wastes) – Less frequent for recyclables • Crew size – 1 to 3 for curbside pick up, more for others

Final disposal Landfill • Waste disposal on land • Several other names; tipping, sanitary landfill, controlled tipping, open dumping • Sanitary landfill refers to engineered facility for the disposal of MSW designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impacts • Hazardous waste are disposed in secured landfill • Waste material have been deposited in voids (natural or manmade, or on land of little or no commercial or agricultural value)

Advantages • Landfilling was generally the most economical method for disposing of large volumes of wastes, especially those with a low hazard to the environment and public health or where other options were not technically feasible. • Disposal by landfilling involves placement of wastes in a secure containment system that consists of double liners, a leakdetection system and a final cover. • Landfilling was considered as the suitable method for disposing of most wastes with some exception, including bulk liquids and ignitable or reactive wastes.

Disadvantages – – – Landfill gas was dangerous to human health. Bacterial processes in landfills contribute to concentrations of methylated mercury species in the atmosphere. Sources of mercury include products such as fluorescent light bulbs, batteries, and latex paint. Exposure to methyl mercury causes children developmental impairments. Landfills gave bad view of scenery and will severely impact tourism. Landfilling waste generated less employment than recycling for the same amount of material, 3 to 5 times more jobs are created by recycling rather than landfilling Landfill contains a wide range of toxic substances arising from the decomposition of waste and causes contamination of domestic groundwater sources and eutrophication of watercourses.

Recycling • The recovery of solid waste components for possible use as raw materials. • Industries used recycled materials in manufacture as processing of raw materials is more economical than processing recycled materials • Support from the government and enforcing laws for wastes to be recycled • Future for recycling is bright

• Recycling process involved: 1. Collection and Processing - there are four primary methods which are curbside, drop-off centers, buy-back centers, and deposit/refund program. 2. Manufacturing - the recyclables will undergo the second part of the recycling loop. Common household items that contain recycled materials include newspapers and paper towels, aluminum, plastic, and glass soft drink containers, steel cans and plastic laundry detergent bottles 3. Purchasing Recycled Products - Purchasing recycled products completed the recycling loop.

CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS

AIR QUALITY Environmental Issues Associated with the Atmosphere

Noise Pollution Noise – unwanted sound, is a subjective experience General definition – noise is any sound that gives psychological disturbance to a person, may give social effect to a group of people such as disturbances during conservation, working, resting, recreation, sleeping Human activities, civilization, industrial era have caused increase in noise levels compared to before Social activities have contributed to noise, development of airports, creation of jets are among some example of noise source

NOISE CONTROL • Depends on factors such as where it comes from, how it travels and what can be done about it • Source may be one or any number of mechanical devices that radiate noise or vibratory energy • Transmission path is a direct air path between source and the listener and also along structural paths i. e. open windows, doorways, corridors or duct work • Principles of noise control involve reduction at source, transmission path or receiver

• Control of noise source by design – Reducing impact forces • Reduce the weight, size or height of fall of the impacting mass • Cushion the impact by inserting a layer of shock absorbing material between impacting surfaces • Insert a layer of shock absorbing material behind each of impacting heads or objects to reduce the transmission of impact energy to other parts of the machine • Whenever practical, one of the impact heads or surface should be made of non-metallic material to reduce resonance of the heads • Substitute the application of a small impact force over a long time period for a large force over a short period to achieve the same result • Smooth out acceleration of moving parts by applying accelerating forces gradually • Avoid high, jerky acceleration or jerky motion • Minimize overshoot, backlash and loose play in cams, followers, gears, link -ages and other parts

• Reduce speed and pressures – Reduce the speed of rotating and moving parts in machine and mechanical systems results in smoother operation and lower noise output – Reduce pressure and flow velocities in air, gas and liquid circulation systems lessens turbulence, resulting in decreased noise radiation – Fans, impellers, rotors, turbines and blowers should be operated at the lowest blade tip speeds that will still meet job needs. – Use large diameter, low speed fans rather than small diameter, high speed units for quiet operation – Reduction of air speed can be achieved by operating at lower motor or blowere speeds, installing a greater number of ventilating grilles or increasing the cross sectional area of existing grilles

• Reduce frictional resistance – Reduce friction between rotating, sliding or moving parts in mechanical systems frequently results in smoother operation and lower noise output – Alignment – proper alignment of all rotating, moving or contacting parts resiults in less noise output – Polish – highly polished and smooth surface between sliding, meshing or contacting parts am required for quiet operation, where bearings, gears, cams, rails and guides are connected – Balance – static and dynamic balancing of rotating parts reduce frictional resistance and vibration – Effective noise control in fluid systems is streamline flow – Streamline flow is simply smooth, no turbulent, low friction flow

Reduce radiating area ◦ Minimize the effective radiating surface areas of parts without impairing their operation or structural strength ◦ Makes the parts smaller, removing excess material or by cutting opening slots or perforations in the parts Reduce noise leakage ◦ Machine cabinets can be made into rather effective soundproof enclosures through simple design changes and the application of some sound absorbing treatment ◦ All unnecessary holes or cracks particularly at joints should be caulked ◦ All electrical or plumbing penetrations of the housing or cabinet should be sealed with rubber gaskets ◦ All other openings or ports that radiate noise should be covered with lids or shields edged with rubber gaskets Isolate and damper vibrating elements ◦ Prevent energy transmission between the source and surfaces that radiate the energy through isolation Provide mufflers/silencers Enclosure

• Control noise in the transmission path – Separation • Make use of the absorptive capacity of the atmosphere as well as divergence, as simple as, ecomical method of reducing the noise level • Air absorbs high frequency sounds is more effective than it absorbs low frequency sounds – Absorbing material • Sound absorbing materials such as acoustical tile, carpets and drapes placed on floor, wall and ceiling can reduce noise in most rooms – Acoustic lining • Noise transmitted through ducts, pipe chases or electrical channels can be reduced effectively by lining the inside surfaces such as passageways with sound absorbing materials – Barriers and panels • Placing barriers, screens or deflectors in the noise path

• Protect the receiver – Alter work schedule – Limit the amount of continuous exposure to high noise levels – Schedule an intense noisy operation for a short interval of time each day over a period of several days rather than a continuous eight hour run for a day – Worker should take their relief time at a low noise level location – Ear protection

MALAYSIA ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Water Pollution Malaysia Nature Society (MNS) taking samples from the Sagu River, at the point where water is pumped out for Kuantan's domestic supply. Bottles of water and trays of alluvial mud were collected analysed them to detect the presence of heavy metals, arsenic and mercury, which typically exist in bauxite sediment. Marine scientists have also warned of possible catastrophic damage to the ecosystem off the coast of Pahang.

Climate Change Concerned about extreme weather and global warming that are due to the overwhelmed emissions of greenhouse gases. Prior key to inhibiting climate change is by reducing excessive and unnecessary electric usage Malaysians are prone to adopt environmental friendly or green products such as energy saving appliances (i. e. , washing machines and air-conditioners), together with daily water and electric saving habits such as reusing water, switching off electricity when not in use etc. Directly, this occurrence has drifted Malaysians to be efficient in water and climate change conservation. Business Opportunity : Green Technology Appliances

Waste Management Poor waste management becomes more appealing and noticeable to Malaysians It is also worth mentioning that waste management always has been connected with recycling behaviour (Latif& Omar, 2012; Latif et al. , 2013). This concept has been promoted by government departments and public campaigns. For that reason, Malaysians are considerably familiar with the 3 R concept. Furthermore, the on-going ‘No Plastic Bag’ every Saturday in hypermarkets seems to encourage them to replace plastic bags with reusable shopping bags

Air Pollution To enhance air quality Malaysians have to deduct the main source of air pollution, which is emission from motor vehicles. The remedy to it most probably would be carpooling or car sharing with private car users, in which it lessens the fuel consumptions, thus reducing the car emissions (Seyedabrishami et al. , 2012). Due to the individual convenience, the hectic lifestyle does not blend in accordance with most Malaysians to practise car-pooling or public transport when traveling to workplaces, schools and other destinations However, air pollution degrades the quality of life and hinders economic growth as it weakens the health condition of Malaysians eventually Business Opportunity : Uber, Grabcar